Advanced Design System

Advanced human body governance convention AND ANALYSIS OF A SINGLE-STUB NOTCH FILTER USING AGILENTS ADVANCE DESIGN SYSTEM (ADSTM)ABSTRACT The innovation of this case topic is to acquire an idea on the figure of speech of single- hind end notch extends using Agilent advanced design system (ADSTM). By properly calculating the required largeness, length and bring inion termination of the single hindquarters notch imbue using ADS one push aside design a notch get across which can block frequencies not required. In the micro moorage layout when wavelength of the stub is , the b passing gameom out circuit of the stub is converted to on the spur of the moment circuit and signals on the notch filter ar blocked. By adjusting the width and using unlike functions like disputation calc the parameters of the filter argon calculated and the filter is designed and analysed. Agilent advanced system is an stiff software system for the analysis of the microwave links.INTRODUCTI ON Advanced Design System (ADSTM) Advanced Design System is the industry leader in high- relative relative frequency domain design. It supports electronic systems and RF design engineers developing all types of RF designs, from simple to the most complex, from RF or microwave modules to be integ assessd MMICs for communications and aerospace/defense applications.ADS is With a curb a go at it set of simulation technologies ranging from frequency, time, numeric and physical domain simulation to electromagnetic field simulation, ADS lets designers richly characterize and optimize designs. The single, integrated design, GUI graphical user interface environment provides system, circuit, and electromagnetic simulators, along with schematic capture, layout, and verification capability eliminating the starts and stops associated with changing design tools in mid-cycle.ADS can be use for virtual prototyping, debugging, or as an aid in manufacturing test. To enhance engineering productivi ty and shorten time-to-market, ADS software offers a high level of design mechanisation and applications intelligence. This proven software environment is easily protrusile we can customize ADS by adding features focused on your particular application needs. An AD runs on PCs and workstations, with complete file compatibility amid platforms and across networks. 8Advanced Design Systemis a powerful electronic design automation software used by leading companies in the wireless communication networks and aerospace defence industries. For WiMAX, LTE, multi-gigabit per second data links, radar, satellite applications, ADS provides full, standards-based design and verification with Wireless Libraries and circuit-system-EM co-simulation in an integrated platform.Key Benefits of ADS Complete, integrated set of fast, finished and easy-to-use system, circuit EM simulators enable first- evanesce design success in a complete desktop f impoverished. Application-specific Design Guides en capsulate years of expertise in an easy-to-use interface.Components used in (ADSTM) systemterminus (Port electrical resistance for S-parameters)Parameters remark translationUnitsDefaultNumPort numberInteger1ZReference impedance, use 1+j*0 for complexOhm50NoiseEnable/disable port thermal disruption yes, no (for AC or harmonic balance analysis lone(prenominal) not for S-parameter analysis) no(prenominal)yesV(DC) light circuit DC voltageNoneNoneTempTemperatureoCNone carry over1 Parameters of TermNoteTerm can be used in all simulations. For S-parameter simulations it is used to define the impedance and location of the ports. When not in use, it is treated as an impedance with the value R + JX. The reactance is repeld for dc simulations.MLOC (Micro trip Open-Circuited Stub)MLOC typeMLOC IllustrationParametersNameDescriptionUnitsDefaultSubstSubstrate exemplify nameNoneMSub1W disceptation width milliliter25.0L transmission line lengthmil ascorbic acid.0Wall1Distance from closely edg e of scavenge H to first sidewall Wall1 1/2 Maximum( W, H)mil1.0e+30Wall2Distance from near edge of strip H to second sidewall Wall2 1/2 Maximum( W, H)mil1.0e+30TempPhysical temperature ( probe Notes)CNoneModChoice of dispersion positionNoneKirschningTable 2 Parameters of MLOCRange of Usage1Er 128 0.01 100Where, Er = dielectric constant (from associated Subst) H = substrate thickness (from associated Subst)Recommended Range for diverse dispersion modelsKirschning and Jansen 1Er 20 0.1HW 100HKobayashi 1 Er 128 0.1H W 10H 0 H0.13Yamashita 2 Er 16 0.05H W 16HWhere, = wavelength freq 100 gigahertzNotes and Equations 1. The frequency-domain uninflected model uses the Kirschning and Jansen formula to calculate the nonmoving impedance, Zo, and effective dielectric constant, Eeff. The attenuation factor, , is calculated using the incremental inductance rule by Wheeler. The frequency dependence of the skin effect is included in the theater director difference calculation. d ielectric red is similarly included in the loss calculation.2. Dispersion effects are included using either the change version of the Kirschning and Jansen model, the Kobayashi model, or the Yamashita model, depending on the choice specified in Mod. The program defaults to using the Kirschning and Jansen formula.3. For time-domain analysis, an impulse result happened from the frequency analytic model is used.4. The Temp parameter is only used in reverberate calculations.5. For tone to be generated, the transmission system line mustiness be lossy (loss generates thermal noise).6. To turn off noise contribution, set Temp to 273.15C.7. When the Hu parameter of the substrate is less than 100H, the enclosure effect will not be properly calculated if Wall1 and Wall2 are left blank.8. Wall1 and Wall2 must satisfy the following constraints Min(Wall1) 1/2Maximum(W, H) Min(Wall2) 1/2Maximum(W, H)MLIN (Micro strip Line)MLIN symbolMLIN IllustrationParametersNameDescriptionUnitsDefa ultSubstSubstrate instance nameNoneMSub1WLine widthmil25.0LLine lengthmil100.0Wall1Distance from near edge of strip H to first sidewall Wall1 1/2 Maximum( W, H)mil1.0e+30Wall2Distance from near edge of strip H to second sidewall Wall2 1/2 Maximum( W, H)mil1.0e+30TempPhysical temperature (see Notes)CNoneModChoice of dispersion modelNoneKirschningTable 3 Parameters of MLINRange of Usage 1 ER 128 0.01 100Where, ER = dielectric constant (from associated Subst) H = substrate thickness (from associated Subst)Recommended Range for different dispersion modelsKirschning and Jansen 1 Er 20 0.1 H W 100 HKobayashi 1 Er 128 0.1 H W 10 H 0 H 0.13 Yamashita 2 Er 16 0.05 H W 16 HWhere = wavelength freq 100 GHzNotes and Equations1. The frequency-domain analytical model uses the Hammerstad and Jensen formula to calculate the static impedance, Zo, and effective dielectric constant, eff. The attenuation factor, , is calculated using the incremental inductance rule by Wheel er. The frequency dependence of the skin effect is included in the conductor loss calculation. Dielectric loss is also included in the loss calculation.2. Dispersion effects are included using either the improved version of the Kirschning and Jansen model, the Kobayashi model, or the Yamashita model, depending on the choice specified in Mod. The program defaults to using the Kirschning and Jansen formula.3. For time-domain analysis, an impulse answer obtained from the frequency analytical model is used.4. The Temp parameter is only used in noise calculations.5. For noise to be generated, the transmission line must be lossy (loss generates thermal noise).6. To turn off noise contribution, set Temp to 273.15C.7. When the Hu parameter of the substrate is less than 100 H, the enclosure effect will not be properly calculated if Wall1 and Wall2 are left blank.8. Wall1 and Wall2 must satisfy the following constraints Min(Wall1) 1/2 Maximum(W, H) Min(Wall2) 1/2 Maximum(W, H)MTEE (Micr ostrip T-Junction)MTEE symbolMTEE IllustrationParametersNameDescriptionUnitsSubstMicrostrip substrate nameNoneW1conductor width at pin 1MilW2Conductor width at pin 2MilW3Conductor width at pin 3MilTempPhysical temperatureCTable 4 Parameters of MTEERange of Usage0.05 H W1 10 H 0.05 H W2 10 H 0.05 H W3 10 H Er 20 Wlargest/Wsmallest 5 where Wlargest, Wsmallest are the largest, smallest width among W2, W2, W3 f(GHz) H (mm) 0.4 Z0 Z0 is the characteristic impedance of the line with WlargestNotes and Equations1. The frequency-domain model is an empirically based, analytical model. The model modifies E. Hammerstad model formula to calculate the Tee junction discontinuity at the location defined in the germ for wide range validity. A reference plan shift is added to each of the ports to make the reference planes unchanging with the layout.2. The center lines of the strips connected to pins 1 and 2 are assumed to be aligned.3. For time-domain analysis, an impulse answer ob tained from the frequency-domain analytical model is used.4. The Temp parameter is only used in noise calculations.5. For noise to be generated, the transmission line must be lossy (loss generates thermal noise). Single-stub notch filterIn Radio talk Systems, undesired harmonics are generated. A micro strip notch filters undesired harmonics in a determine band finesse like a mobile phone.A Notch filter is a device that passes all frequencies except those in a stop band concenterd on a centre frequency. The grapheme factor plays a major role in eliminating the frequencies undesired. Quality factor (Q) of a band pass or notch filter is defined as the centre frequency of a filter shared by the bandwidth.Where, bandwidth is the difference between frequency of the upper 3dB roll off point and frequency of the lower 3dB roll off point.TRANSMISSION LINE THEORY place to another for directing the transmission of muscle, such(prenominal) as electromagnetic waves or acoustic waves, as w ell as electric power transmission. Components of transmission lines include wires, coaxial electrifys, dielectric slabs, optical fibres, electric power lines, and waveguides.Consider the micro strip layout of a notch filter,In the designing of the micro-strip circuits (i.e. filters), the basic parameters are impedance Z0 and guide wavelength g which are considered as TEM transmission line.The impedance in the open circuit stub Zin is as given below,Zin = ZSWhere ZL=, so we ignore ZS Zin = ZS = ZS = ZS = j ZS cot lHowever,l = , l = =Therefore, cot l=0So, Zin = -j ZS cot l=0hence L = = / = 1so VSWR = = 2/0 =This indicates that the signal whose wavelength is will have very low impedance and hence it is a short circuitThus institution loss response at frequency f0 is high except for other frequencies, this is because cot l is no perennial zero. initiation loss and return loss are two important data to evaluate the superior of many passive fiber optic components, such as f iber optic patch heap and fiber optic connector and many more.Insertion lossDefinition The Insertion Loss of a line is the ratio of the power received at the end of the line to the power transmitted into the line.Insertion loss refers to the fibre optic light loss caused when a fibre optic component insert into another one to form the fibre optic link. Insertion loss can result from absorption, misalignment or air gap between the fibre optic components. We want the entry loss to be as less as possible. Our fibre optic components insertion loss is less than 0.2dB typical, less than 0.1dB types available on request.An expression for insertion loss is IL= 10log10 1 +(YS/2)2Return lossReturn Loss is a stride of the reflected energy from a transmitted signal. It is commonly expressed in positive dBs. The larger the value, the less energy that is reflected.Return loss can be calculated using the following equationIMPRLT10.gif (1294 bytes)Return loss is a measure of VSWR (Voltage Stand ing Wave Ratio), expressed in decibels (db). The return-loss is caused due to impedance mismatch between two or more circuits. For a simple cable television assembly, there will be a mismatch where the connector is connected to the cable. There may be an impedance mismatch caused by change form or cuts in a cable. At microwave frequencies, the material properties as well as the dimensions of the cable or connector plays important role in determining the impedance match or mismatch. A high value of return-loss de eyeshades better quality of the system under test (or device under test). For example, a cable with a return loss of 21 db is better than another similar cable with a return loss of 14 db, and so on.Phase Response of the notch filterThe frame response of a notch filter shows the greatest rate of change at the centre frequency. The rate of change becomes more rapid as the Q of the filter increases. The group delay of a notch filter is greatest at the centre frequency, and becomes longer as the Q of the filter increases.EXPERIMENT SUB instalmentalisationSCASE-STUDY PART 1AimDesigning and simulation of a notch filter at 3 GHz using Agilents ADSTM for the given design specifications.Requirement Electrical performanceCentre frequency 3.0 GHzInsertion loss 25.0 dBInput/output Impedance 50 Substrate specifications clobber type 3M Cu-cladDielectric constant (r) 2.17 ponderousness (h) 0.794mmConductor thickness (t) 35umConductivity () 5.84e+7 S/mtan 0.0009MLIN, MLOC and MTEE are micro strip elements defined in ADSTM which is used to construct the circuitExplanationWe need to presume and design a notch filter at 3 GHz here, using Agilents ADS. When the above specifications are used in ADS, the width of the microstrip lines is obtained as 2.42mm corresponding to 50 ohms transmission line using Line calc function.The Line Calc function is also used to determine the effective dielectric constant (Keff) of 3M Cu-clad Substrate at 3.0GHZ from which the initial, length of the open circuit stub can be calculated.r = 2.1 Keff = 1.854 at 3.0GHZ (from line calc) , 0 = 100 m (at 3.0 GHZ) g = 0 /(Keff)1/2 = 100/(1.854)1/2 =73.44mm g/4 =18.36 mm The initial design length of the open circuit stub is 18.354 mm.Thus we obtain the following substrate specifications at Centre frequency 3.0 GHz, Insertion loss greater than 25.0 dB and Input/output ImpedanceMaterial type 3M Cu-Clad, Dielectric constant (r) 2.17, Thickness (h) 0.794m,Conductor thickness (t) 35um, Conductivity () 5.84e+7 S/m, tan=0.0009, l = 18.36mm W(Width of the micro strip lines)=2.42mmFrom these specifications we obtain the plot of Insertion Loss Response(S21) indicating nearly 49.234 dB attenuation near 3 GHz which is shown in 8To observe the effect of varying the length of the open circuit stub , the same procedure of simulation is repeated twice or thrice with different values of length of open circuit stub given as follows L1=20, L2=18.34, L3=16.As we can see in the 9 that as the length of open stub increases the frequency decreases. As the length of open stub must be g/4 and so the 50 micro strip line is blocked and hence the signal is passed and if there is change in the length then the micro strip is not blocked hence the signal is blocked.Analysis of the case study 1From the case study1, it proves that at wavelength g/4 the open circuit at point S of the stub is transformed to short circuit and the signals passing along AB micro strip is blocked. Thus we design a filter at 3 GHz frequency.When the wavelength is g/4 the signal will see very low impedance to ground at point S and hence is short circuited. This signal will be absorbed from the signals applied at input A, which will manifest high attenuation in its insertion loss at 3GHz.All other signals remain unaffected, hence low insertion loss accept near 3GHz.CASE-STUDY PART 2AimUsing the ADSTM Tuning facility, investigate the effect of varying the width of the stub filter. Determine the width of line which provides minimum out of band loss whilst maintaining the original filter specifications (i.e.25 db at 3.0 GHz)RequirementElectrical performanceCentre frequency 3.0 GHzInsertion loss 25.0 dBInput/output Impedance 50 Substrate specificationsMaterial type 3M Cu-cladDielectric constant (r) 2.17Thickness (h) 0.794mmConductor thickness (t) 35umConductivity () 5.84e+7 S/mtan 0.0009CS2 10 Circuit plot of Stub Notch filter obtained by ADS SimulationExplanationWhen the width of the stub is 5mm and length is 18.8mm the response obtained is as shown belowNow we vary the width of the stub to investigate the effect. . In this process the width of the stub filter is changed at different values from w1=5mm, w2=2.5mm, w3=2mm, w4=1mm, w5=0.2mm as shown in 12. Here we also note that when varying the width of line, both the width of the stub line and corresponding width on the MTEE section must is varied.After varying the width using tuning fork function of the ADS facility we obtain a response at 3GHz and width is noted as 0.2mm.The 13 shows the following.Analysis of case study 2The width of the line determines its impedance. If the impedance is high thinner the line and viceversa.When the width of the i/o transmission line is equivalent to the width of the stub then Insertion loss is at 0Db and when width of the i/o transmission line is greater than the width of the stub then Insertion loss tends to 0Db.In the above case thus we vary the width of the stub and transmission line and when centre frequency is 3 GHz and the width is 0.2mm the insertion loss is very low. Lower the insertion loss more is the signal transmitted.CASE- STUDY PART 3AimTo design a notch filter at centre frequency of 4.5GHZ and it should cancel the spurious signal and unwanted harmonics by at least 24db with minimum out of band loss with the specifications given belowRequirementElectrical specificationsCentre frequency 4.5 GHzInsertion loss 25.0 dBInput/output Impedance 50 Substrate specificationsMa terial type 3M Cu-cladDielectric constant (r) 2.17Thickness (h) 0.794mmConductor thickness (t) 35umConductivity () 5.84e+7 S/mtan 0.0009Explanation In the responses shown below we have obtained the 24 dB difference by adjusting the frequency at 4.5 GHz. In CS3 14 the length and width are adjusted to obtain the particular responseAnalysis of case study 3In case study 3 we understand the mien of designing a notch filter to cancel the spurious signals generated by wireless communication systems. lastThis case study helps us analyse the notch filter. The notch filter is designed and its basics and working are understood. The tool ADS proves very effective in this learning. To conclude, this experiment gives us a broader knowledge about transmission theory. The concept is deeply understood. In wireless communications the unwanted harmonics and spurious signals generated are cancelled by this notch filter enabling a better reception. Thus designing of such a notch filter is learnt.