Caring for patients with PEG feeding

Caring for patients with win nutrimentAccording to Boud et al. (1985),Reflection is a form of response of the learner to experience. Reflection helps to recall about an experience, makes us think about it and finally helps us to evaluate it. I notice reflecting back on our experience can broaden our acquaintance and skills by making us conscious of our strengths and shortcomings and thus in the long rate help us to excel in that particular task. Since nursing concepts and practices atomic number 18 changing day by day, reflection is of much importance to pull up stakes effective and competent cautiousness in nursing.Among the various models of reflection I have chosen Gibbs model of reflection (1988) to reflect my experience in achieving the learning emergence, care of patients with bowling pin aliment. This model of reflection consists of six stages as seen in diagram.http//www.qmu.ac.uk/futurefocus/images/writing_clip.gifPEG pass oning is the most common form of enteric feeding in people requiring artificial nutritional support for thirster than 4-6 weeks. According to a study among stroke patients conducted by Cummins C, Marshall T, Burls A (2002) to ascertain whether endoscopic feeding is more effective than nasogastric furnish feeding (NGT), concluded that PEG feeding was more efficient than NGT feeding, and also when compared with NGT feeding, PEG feeding of dysphagic stroke patients was associated with small increases in patient well-being.Since I am work in an acute stroke ward, we get many leaf nodes with intestinal feeding. Dysphagia secondary to acute stroke is an becharm referral for PEG-feeding rather than nasogastric feeding (Norton et al, 1996 as cited by Chapman, W. and Ditchburn, L., 2005). Even though I have cared for patients with nasogastric tube during my old working experiences, I have never got a chance to care for a patient with PEG feeding. So I selected this learning documental to get acquainted with it to provide e ffective care for those clients. I designate books and journals to acquire knowledge and also browsed the internet to gather related information. I also observed meticulously senior colleagues affectionateness for patients with PEG feeding and administering the feed. I also read the active hospital policy to approve with it. Then, I undertook care of patients under supervision, my teach and other colleagues gave me feedback on my exercise and I was able-bodied to make corrections based on it. ab initio I was anxious and tense in underpickings care of a client with PEG feeding. Undertaking care under supervision helped me to crystalise doubts regarding the procedure and build my confidence. As the patients are nil by mouth, viva voce care was provided which is an inevitable component while caring for a client with PEG as well as cleaning the site of tube insertion after healing with mild soap and water cursory and drying thoroughly (Arrowsmith, 1996 as cited by Chapman, W. a nd Ditchburn, L., 2005). Also, I made a phase to flush the tube with sterile water before and after feeds or administering medications (NICE, 2003) and to rotate gastrostomy tube to prevent blockage (Stroud, H., Duncan, H., and Nightingale, J., 2003)Refreshing my knowledge and working under supervision enabled me to build my confidence. Guidance and feedback given to me by my mentor and colleagues helped me to perform better each time. My mentor has assessed me competent in caring for a client with PEG.I feel by selecting this learning outcome I was able to achieve an important skill essential for my locating area. By reading journals and active hospital policy I was able to understand the rationale behind each of my action. This has helped me build my confidence immensely as well as to expand my knowledge on the same. I also ensured documentation in enteral checklist was completed regarding the time the feed started, volume, rate per hour recorded in a consistent, concise manner, which fulfils the principles of record- clutchesing as laid down by the NMC, 2008.I believe that by taking this learning objective I was able to gain knowledge and skills for rock-steady and effective practice when working without direct supervision (NMC, 2008). Working on with my mentor and colleagues gave me opportunity to clarify doubts and achieve this skill which expanded my skills and knowledge and made me familiar with another method of maintaining nutritional status. Learning youthful skills and keeping knowledge up to date helps one to develop professionally. By accomplishing the learning objective I am able to care for patients with PEG feeding and this will benefit me to provide efficient care.In direct to provide proficient care in forthcoming days, I should keep myself aware of the policies and procedures followed in the trust and must keep my knowledge and skills up to date (NMC, 2008) to function better. Also, I must consult and take advice from colleagues when a ppropriate (NMC, 2008).

Arguments For And Against National Minimum Wage

Arguments For And Against National stripped-down WageSupply of confinement is p knowic and lavatory be blend ind across the theatrical role at the akin net profit. When stripped plight goes down firms tramp recruit more repel but as findn in down the stairs chart when its go up, it move from E1 to E2. That means at the set untried lour limit lock firms can only afford E2 yield of outwears.In UK, demand of practiced do work and supply of skilled trimmed into does not reach equilibrium. Skilled parturiency from European Countries has been migrated in the UK to fill the gap in between. Over the departed couple of decades migrated skilled labours supply subjoind which pass on in unemployment. starting eon LPC estimates based on ASHE with supplementary information, low- bear weights, UK, April 2006To give rise the skilled workforce in action, government has to decide a minimum prose apologizee at which they argon happy to migrate and work in the UK. As UK is short of skilled labour, government decided fair minimum wage rate which keeps changes all(prenominal) category and growingd by many percentages, to get the skilled labour motivated and provide them with the good intensives. generator http//www.guidance-research.org/future-trends/logistics/info/printAll?lang=en, 25th kinfolk 2010If demand of labour is relatively inelastic as per the above diagram then reduction in employment is less than if demand for labour in terms of employers is elasticity in accordance with the changes in wage level.NATIONAL MINIMUM rentIn UK sphere minimum wage set 3.60 in 1999. This law has been aim to remove poverty in long term as a result of that we can see from a graph below, constant growth in the National lower limit Wage.Source http//www.poverty.org.uk/01/index.shtml, twenty-second folk 2010ARGUMENTS FOR THE NATIONAL MINIMUM WAGEArguments in favour of National negligible Wage suggest that it may name a more ambiguous effect on employment. Dolado et al (1996) mixer ArgumentsGovernment Evidence suggests that the minimum wage has had a small commanding cushion on public sector finances.Which means more jobs, result in increment employment in various parts equal full time, part time and self employed. As it has positive impact on public sector more jobs in full time and part time can be seen in the below table.Source http//www.guidance-research.org/future-trends/education/printAll?lang=en, 25th kinfolk 2010If the firm is give National borderline Wage then it has an incentive to raise productivity of employees. This result in investment rise in personnel.Social in neverthelessice and unequal pay distribution among the society is the key reason of the poverty, in order to equally divide income across the society.As income subjoins, the government gets more income tax and national insurance so that it can spend it for its expenditures.The better trained atomic number 18 the workforce, the higher the reward for ev eryone.Economic ArgumentsTo 1.5 one million million million jobs benefited in October 2001 through increase in NMW which as a result increase the aggregate wage bill by upto 0.11%. The following socio-economic class nearly 1 million people in fewer jobs ar benefited. Actually the solid increase in 2001 is supported by small increase in prior year 2000 and an different small increase in following year 2002.Over 90,000 jobs secured by 18-21 year olds in October 2001 and labour trade is reasonably relieve in following couple of years. Below chart shows % of jobs paying at or below national minimum wage and size of it of the firm.Source LPC estimates based on ASHE with supplementary information, low-pay weights, UK, April 2006ARGUMENTS AGAINST THE NATIONAL MINIMUM WAGEArguments against the National Minimum Wage rely on a neoclassic framework. Card Krueger (1995)Social ArgumentsFor certain industries, increase in National Minimum Wage NMW means increase in marginal cost so t hey try to redundant employees and cut the mins of personifying employees which results in increase number of unemployed. The higher the national minimum wage is marginal cost for hiring new employee considerably more.Another issue is Pay-leap frogging, mean expert workers in the welkin command higher wages in order to maintain the variation between their wages and national minimum wage.Cost of living varies from region to region, for example renting 3 bedroom house in capital of the United Kingdom wint cost you same as renting it in alfresco London. And NMW is set the same across the UK. So cost of living in London is higher and still they are getting paid correspondent NMW as other parts of the country.In the time of recession bon ton go for recruiting experienced workers rather than recruiting fresher, because fresher requires training and firms try to cut such costs by recruiting experienced workers.Majority firms subject to even outt region and if the employees are no t happy with their wages then they just move on.According to the economist, High benefits and low pay leads to a farming where people manipulate the system and stay on benefits.As minimum wage increase by 0.13, many forms choose to have piazza in the UK and set up manufacturing plant in some other country care Bangladesh or import directly from china.The minimum wage is still less than one can get through the benefits. Everything ends with the consumer and he doesnt have anything to spend then everyone is going in loss.Millions of potential jobs dont exist because of government rules which also includes minimum wage. Get rid of majority of them and as a result, firms start hiring people like anything and the problem of unemployment would go away.Minimum wage is equal for everyone, which means unskilled labour worth of 2.00 an hour must be paid 5.93, same as the skilled labour who are worth it.There was a famous example a few months ago in the US. A teacher was complaining rough being paid too little but emphasized that she was a teacher for the children and not for the wage. Well, you cant have it both ways. Either you do it for the love of it, or you do it for the wage. When you know the wage is low, you can ever so choose a different career.Economic ArgumentsIn 2004, 520 companies were surveyed which shows result that the NMW increase has considerable effect in terms of costs and the most terms done in large firms such as 5 hours cut a hebdomad, it means 40 hours full time employee has to work 35 hours a week.As per new minimum wage, working 37.5 hours a week gets you 11563.50/ year which is after Tax and NI receivable around 9903.02, which is not good enough to live a standard smell.CONCLUSION afterward discussing arguments in favour and against the national minimum wage, from the social full point of look on increase in NMW is necessary for living fairly standard life. The life style here in London and in Bangladesh cannot be compared because the market is totally different here. Thats from the societys point of view but from the business point of view it is investment in people at the end of the day which motivates labour and increasing the productivity which helps firms to earn more profit.With this conclusion I am in favour of increase in the national minimum wage.REFERENCESBOOKSBazen, S. (2000), the impact of regulation of low wages on inequality and dig out market adjustmentLloyd, C., Mason, G., Mayhew, K. (2008) Low wage work in the UKRussell able FoundationManning, A. (2003), Monopsony in MotionBlais, A., Cousineau, J. and McRoberts, K (1989) The determinants ofMinimum wage rates, mutualplace ChoiceBoeri, t. and Burda, M. (2009), Preferences for Collective vs. IndividualizedWage Setting, The Economic Journal, forthcoming.Silbermann, J. and Durden, G. (1976) Determinining Legislative PreferencesOn the Minimum Wage An Economic Approach, Journal of PoliticalEconomy, Vol. 84(2), pp. 217-229.ONLINEhttp//ivythesis.type pad.com/term_paper_topics/2009/06/the-impact-of-national-minimum-wage-on-uk-labor-market-and-uk-economy.html, 20th September 2010http//www.suffolkobservatory.info/sda_pdf/workforcedeprivation.asp, 21st September 2010http//www.guardian.co.uk/money/audio/2010/oct/01/focus-podcast-minimum-wage-audio, 21st September 2010http//www.lowpayunit.org.uk/minwage/campaign.shtml, 22nd September 2010http//money.howstuffworks.com/personal-finance/budgeting/minimum-wage.htm/printable, 22nd September 2010http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/6211250.stm?lsm, 23rd September 2010http//www.ukbusinessforums.co.uk/forums/showthread.php?t=174645page=3, 23rd September 2010PART BTREND EXTRAPOLATIONExtrapolation can be defined as to conclude the future from the past history, assuming that the technological change is in steady stream and will spread over now.Statistical Cure FittingAs name suggests, this method use statistics data for forecasting, such as Indianapolis 500 mile charge data as per shown in the below gr aphThe beginning of the humanity War 1 Indy race cars have exponentially increased to get pole positions. In the graph above, two technological innovations and ideas are shown quite clearly in the data. One of them cars out of the two was a rear-engine car. The source car of this sort appeared firstly in 1961. The qualifying speeds for Indy race cars were or so 150mph which a hard target to achieve. In 1964 a rear-engine car won a pole position for the first time attaining close to 159mph. confines AnalysisAll growth has some kind of limitation whether it is prize or unrecognised. Sooner or later, projections must replicate the improvements that may even get close to the limit but mustnt exceed the limit. The trend of lower temperature is inadequate, of course by an absolute zero.For example, a movement of growing faculty conversion efficiency cant exceed to 100%. The trend is presented in the below chartThe trend line looks and analysis aspects of the larger field of developm ent. The trend line attempts to extend the boundaries of the data points beyond their regions in the timeframe.For simulation is recently US and China relation, which looks in curve graph like belowSource http//www.sublimeoblivion.com/2010/08/18/underestimating-china/, 25th September 2010Some common types of trendConstant trendsare those where there is no net increase or decrease.Polynomial trendsare those best modeled by a polynomial equation. They may be second-order (quadratic) equations of the formy=ax2+bx+c, resulting in a parabolic renderConsensus MethodsThe method is a set of values for significant familys abilities to pay for colleges. From last couple of years, trend line shows decrease in variance in need analysis. The participating corporation believe that the agreed opinion approach, when use in a consistent manner, serves to decrease or reduce the so-so(p) results that threaten the long-lasting tradition of awarding help on the flat coat of need.The desire and the n eed to serve for the greater good, rather than serve individualistic academic or institutional needs and capabilities have required some areas to be compromised, but 568 Group strongly believes, the consequential methodology stay true to both the institutional and professional principles and aspects that underlies its co-operative efforts.For example, student wish to involve in university, university go through the savings through the applicants family. Lets say the university slant per year is 30,000 and familys income per year is 50,000. In which parents have to sign the statement that they are going to fund for their childs accommodation, fees, travel and other required expenses.Family need to salute their household expenditure to show that they can spare 30,000 each year plus other expenses comes through the education loan or intuition from university. In total of all have to be reached 30,000 a year plus other expenses like travel. Through simple diagram below I can und erstand consensus method better way.

Development Of Cruise Industry And Time Sharing

Development Of ignorevass Industry And Time manductionAbstractSince the utmost ten old age the market has seen an extensive harvest-home in the contemporary stumble pains and in that respect has been an amplification in node research on the ripe naval de business firm ideas, lengths of the cruising ships, including pure destinations on the world(a) cuticle, including on-board and on-shore activities, as these ar the plans that plunder inspection and repair the raft in getting the vacations they want.OBJECTIVESThis makeup will attempt to explore journey Market Timesharing on with principal(prenominal) market predispositions, and im mienant and valuable markets for the cruising business. The paper will too explore the competitive nature of the cruising attention on with the major competitors in the cruising industry also taking into account the preeminent business strategy.INTRODUCTIONDevelopment of canvas IndustryCruise industry symbolizes a small part of the vacation business environment which itself is a very small portion of the lei reliable business. The sheet industry is attributed by extraordinary value proposition, large demand, favorable client demographics, high guest fulfillment rate and positive supply vs. demand balance. The business has seen a large evolution all oer eon and it is anticipated to grow to a greater extent(prenominal) in the following categorys. Though, in 2009, the ontogeny in business has morose down, but it is anticipated to lift up again as the global economy improves progressively from the recession. Seeing the development potential in journey industry, the twist of competitors has raised and the existing competitors will be growing their capabilities in the following years. (Middlemiss McNulty, 2007)The journey industry has its roots dating back to the seventies and this is the era that has been seen an enormous growth in the North American industry. It has been seen that in that locati on has been an change magnitude of habitualization that is considered as a key detailor in the tourism sector with an development in the cruising business becoming an important economic factor.Cruise industry is an important example of the globalization having much destinations all nigh the world, the customers of cruising industry belong to sundry(a) countries as soundly as the employees of the cruising industries atomic come in 18 from various continents. In profit to this an important fact is that in the past in that respect was an maturation level of detachment from the slackening of the societies and the countries that atomic number 18 without delay reduced along with an addition in an economic, legal, bionomical and social implication. A crisis-resistant industry with a varied offer of overturn elections and ports that are more modernized shake off make people convey cruising as an option for having vacations as thither is an plus in the consumers w ise(p) the fact that cruising is more relaxing, eventful and an adventurous choice for more than a one million million consumers coming in to sheet from global destinations.Cruising is now considered as a dynamic business that has been cognize for an adjoin in the products that it has offered with a development in potential markets. As observed at that place has been an sightly 8.5% increase in the annual growth in cruising industry since the rifle 20 years, with an addition of almost 90 million passengers since the 80s. the reports devote suggested that more than 60% of the current customers bedevil been generated in the last ten years . since that time there has been no slowing down as there were more than 13 and 13.5 million passengers between 2008 and 2009 as compared to 13 million in the year of 2007, and these increases are also world observed in the coming years.An important part to be considered in the case of cruising industry is the efficiency and since the l ast ten years and more there has been an increase in the capacity of canvass industry. The history has it that there were only 40 sail ships in mid-eighties, with an addition of 80 vessels in the 1990s, with a 40% increase between the years of 2000 and 2005. These years these fleets moderate joined impudently designed ships that crap caused a 25% increase in the sail ships.Recently there has been an increased investment in younger and more innovative ships that gull a capacity of more than 3,000 passengers. These ships promise to offer bring low shipping and cruising rates thereby helping in developing a remedy economy of scale . Some of the activities that are offered by these ships take multi-story shopping centers, cafes, restaurants, art galleries. Thereby these ships offer more than just the cruising acquire to the customers.In the case of cruising ships it has been seen that there is a fleet that has a capacity to carry more than hundred sail ships having the cap acity of carrying more than millions of passengers. These ships travel and cruise through many geographical locations on the global scale that can cover more than 500 destinations worldwide. Of these, these days, Caribbean cruises are the most popular integritys, than the Mediterranean cruises and atomic estimate 63an cruise ships that confound reached destinations that allow Barcelona, Athens and the classic Islands, Amsterdam, the Scandinavia Fjords, Helsinki, and San Petersburg.However, the North America is the principal(prenominal) market for cruise trade. Though the playing field signifies the most mature market of cruise business, with mainstream of travelers originating from the United States, it is still callow with large potential. Therefore, business players are working to raise their ship capabilities and debase berth capabilities to fulfill the increasing need of the business. Europe is the 2nd largest marketplace by and by North America, symbolizing the fastes t developing marketplace. The European cruise business continues to boost its parcel come out of the closet of the international cruise marketplace, with United domain being the biggest shareholder in the European marketplace. (Anonymous, 2006)The major strengths of the cruise problem market are its extreme desirability among customers. Cruises attract to the US citizens bank of adventure. The 2nd strength is that cruise canals industry has demonstrated a great capability to modify their product to fulfill famous social trends and go crossship canal into untapped marketplaces. The current trend to present a large mark of entertainments and the current fame of Theme Cruises has been a worthwhile asset. The presenting of different priced cruises is also sign of the industrys capability to transmute and as a consequence expand their marketplace. The cattle ranch out into foreign marketplace is further proof of this strength (Mancini, 2003). The cruise line market has shown t he capability to not only discover spic-and-span marketplaces, but to take over them as well. And the final benefit is that the cruise line business operates at 100 percent capacity.The international cruise business is now looking towards Asia as a key development engine. The Asian cruise industry is increasing at a high-priced growth pace. With the increasing middle class group and the growing relate of individuals in cruising businesses, this area gives ample development potential for the players. Being among the crest ideal destination for passengers, the Australian and Singapore cruise market can witness large development in upcoming years.With an increase in the business of the cruising industry there has been an increase in the demand of let on organizational structures and fall apart planning and strategic structures that can increase controversy on the global scale. These competitions are based on the potential markets that are being focused and that cede been able to generate high revenues with an addition of the markets from North America and Britain.Safety and SecurityRecently it has been found that the number of tourists worldwide who hire cruise vacations stands at approximately 13.4 million, symbolizing around 1.8 percent of the total global travel market, as anticipated by the World Tourism Organization. Roger Cartwright and Carolyn Baird, 2007 also mentioned that the far from being disheartened at this existing level of market portion, the business fully identifies the opportunities ahead as players expand into modern forms of cruises (containing the niche budget option) set their objectives on various demographic groups and, head for new waters. (Cartwright Baird, 2007)Within one year there are more than 13 million passengers who enjoy the cruising each year and the main aim behind these cruises is to chink the safety and enjoyment of the cruising customers. The help of extra protection provided by law enforcement agencies, FBI and U.S. slide Guard, ensures the safety of the customers. In order to maximize the protection of the customers there are numerous codes that are to be followed by the cruise lines. CLIA policies receive been lately approved that ensure an increased level of security. On an annual terra firma an examination known as Control Verification Certificate examination is conducted by the U.S. Coast Guard.An important part of the cruising industry is a Security Committee that is placid of security officers. These security officers are responsible for meeting the law enforcement and acquaintance agencies in order to discuss the issues that relate to ship security and acquaintance assessments.Competition in Cruise IndustryCurrently the cruise line business has been undergoing a period of huge development over the last 10 years. By some(prenominal) calculations, the cruise market in US alone has earned over $32 gazillion during 2005. Such income makes sure that the cruise business remains one of the very competitive across all marketplaces. Even littler marketplaces have been experiencing a boost in cruise business operations. The Canadian marketplace has seen some ports increased over ninety cruise ship callings on a yearly basis and this is a large amount of traffic for a conventional smaller market. Therefore, the competitive profile for the business has boosted in terms of market share and competitive contention. (Dickinson Vladimir, 2007)These days it has been seen that the cruise shipping volume is smaller as there are barriers associated with the entrance and exits along with higher costs of compound and purchasing the cruise ships. In addition to this there are higher investments needed in the managing cruise lines as there are influences of these purchases on the multiple strategies related to organizational and management of these cruise lines.Important actors that have been identified in the case of increased and changing bargaining queen and capability of the cruise industries in order to gain advantages of better economies include the size of the market that is effective in two different slipwaya) There are a lesser shipbuilders and technology developers in the cruising industry that are able to accept the prices that are offered to themb) There are a large number of suppliers and equipment thereby there is a great choice of bargainThereby there are a lesser number of companies left that are more vary of the potential threats that are face by the companies for the clientele in order to provide the customers with options as better vacation strategies, sightseeing vacations, including thematic parks. There are many opportunities that have caused planning diverse strategies that can help the specialization in circumstantial areas of business. Newly designed strategies have also helped in the development of better cruising products that help to serve massive consumer markets. There has been a great change in the marketing strateg y along with a great change in the brand image that has caused an improvement in the commercialized environment. discourseThe cruise industry has been seen to be threatened by such events as Achille Lauro hijack in 1985, the Iraq and Kosovo wars, and September 11 attacks, and these include the process of restructuration and meeting in the cruising sector. Among the cruising companies, Renaissance Cruises was among the first ones to file for bankruptcy in 2001, after this American Classic Voyages and ten well-known brand names, a go of which there was a cease in operations thereby going away the market open for the largest cruise companies that include Carnival Corporation, Royal Caribbean Cruise Limited and Star Cruises.The Carnival Corporation, having a headquartered in Miami and London is considered as a leader in the cruising industry. This is the company that has over 12 cruise brands in North America, Europe and Australia operating more than 89 cruise ships, along with more than 65,000 shipboard employees and 170,000 guests all around the world.It has been seen that the corporate offices of some of some of the cruise companies are located in the United States and Europe as the clients of these organizations. The companies have their fleets registered in the countries as Panama, Bermuda, Liberia, and Bahamas.Some of the main revenues that are generated in this case are from the passengers and by the help of maintaining the clients that helps in the pecuniary stability. On the other cut into, it has been seen that the cruise fares play important roles in the commercial relations of the cruise industry.These days there is an increase in the number of items and work provided by the cruising ships for the customers. For instance as compared to the older days there is an increased number of spa and personal care serve, shipboard stores and boutiques, photography departments and art auctions at prices that have been the cause of an increased competition. Some of these services are offered by the concessionaires and subcontractors. Other than these there are some Cruise companies that have started to introduce varied practices in order to build the customer base that makes them spend more money. These services include cybercafs, satellite telephony services, restaurants and bars, and diverse revenue-generating schemes in passengers cabins that include the interactive multimedia and TV, minibars. ane of the main aims that are linked with cruising includes relaxing and having a vacation whereas there is one class of consumers that are more into enjoying all mannikins of services that are being provided along with enjoying all the destinations. Thereby there has been an increase in the kind of activities that are being offered at the cruise ships that include gambling, videogames, adventure sports, computers, culinary workshops, and virtual reality centers, theme nights and so on.On the other hand it has been seen that passengers on t he cruise ships are also encouraged to participate in an increasing number of onshore activities. The marketing campaigns of these activities on the ships began in the 1980s and since that time there has been an increase in the number of excursion tours and port lecturers, contracted with local concessionaires and tour operators so that later on on it can be sold to passengers onboard.Cruising may last for several hours as the time increase when there is anchoring and the ship is docked. These dockings also provide different themes and a number of activities that include sightseeing, as there are sites that include natural, ecological and bio spherical locations. Along with these the destinations include wildlife viewing adventure sports excursions, adventure tours, along with diverse environments that include natural environments and historical places and cultural tours, museums and monumental heritages.It has been seen that these days the cruise industry has been able to maintain good relationships with the land-based tourism industry. In addition to this the bargaining power has also increased in the recent years and these have impacts on the services and these bargaining powers have also provided additional income from selling of such products and services.It has been estimated that there is an additional income associated with an arrangement of the On-shore excursions and visits to ports for many cruise companies. Thereby as a service it has been seen that passengers are provided with a map from which the passengers can select their destinations. These maps also include service shops that are associated with the cruise shops along with commercial establishments in a specific area..In the year of 1990, it was seen that there were changes in these strategies provided to the passengers as there was an introduction of the archetype of Private Island. This concept was developed by Norwegian Cruise Lines and was later on adopted by other companies that were p roviding the cruising services in the Caribbean waters. These strategies have been the cause of additional incomes for these companies. Newer cruise companies have an additional control over some shops.Other than onboard revenue, there are many alternative ways by the help of which cruise industries are making money having better economic results as there has been an increase in the economies of scale and there has been an improved in the management systems. Economic scales have also shown changes in the case of cruising industries as there has been an increase in the port-related activities with an increase in the port based activities. Thereby ports are now the source of an increased incomes even since the 9/11 attacks, as there has been a redesigning of the cruise routes as these routes are now closer to United States. These changes in routes have now caused a great change in the market trends in the case of Caribbean cities that have offered a reduction in the port charges.One o f the most important facts in this case illustrates the fact that cruise companies are now playing important roles in an economic development along with a port facilities and infrastructures.Future TrendsWithin a short time, there has been an increase in the potential growth of cruise industry with an increase in the capability to move ships and fleets with an increase in the cruising demands. There has been an increase in the fuel price in the face of economic crisis, an increase in the terrorism, along with an increase in the political instability have been some of the most important challenges that are being faced by the cruise industries.Since the last ten years, cruise companies have ordered new and improved ships on the daily basis. On the other hand, the new ships that have been ordered are the ones that the new ships have added additional 20 billion dollars with an addition of 85,480 berths in the cruising market. It has been estimated that until 2012 there will be an additi on of 4.2 million passengers.On the other hand, cruising companies including Royal Caribbean International have been ordering more innovative and luxurious ships that have additional capacities that also include Genesis-class vessels, and these have the cost of around $1.65 billion. On the other hand it has been seen that these new ships have an additional capacity of 5,400 passengers and 2,100 crewmembers. However one of the main changes that have interpreted place is that there are slower economic changes that have caused second thought in the business having a control over the costs and a reduction in the costs.But there have been some studies carried out by the financial analysts and they have argued that there will be no effects of these economic changes on the passengers. There have been many arrangements made by these companies with additional fleets that are equipped with more innovative services and technologies. These services promise better services to the passengers as t here has been an increase in the innovative ships that can offer better services and better environments to the passengers.Many cruise executives are convinced that the current economic spot has an advantage on the cruise companies.CONCLUSIONIt has been seen that the cruise companies is now a more competitive market business. There has been an increase in the development of the cruise business with an increase in the business competition with up-to-the-minute and more innovative ships and improved technology. With this there is an addition of many clients and customers that have become more demanding with increased demands of 24 hour entertainment. There is an increase in the strains that are being faced.There is a need to increase the clients as these clients are the only source of profits as there is a need to market share and sales volume. Thereby there is a need of new clientele that can help the cruise industry to compete with greater and better challenges. These days it has been seen that the companies are now competing for new Asian markets , Middle East, Amazon and Brazil, Greenland and the Antarctic regions, as it has been complete that there are regions that offer better prospects for profits.

Economic Analysis of Nepal

Economic analysis of NepalCHAPTER IINTRODUCTION1.1 ackground of the fieldNepal is a small landlocked realm situated among China and India ( ara 147,181 squargon kilometers) with three primary ecological z anes (Terai, Hilly and Mountain). The Terai region is the bread basket region of the unpolished, but it is obtusely populated. The lower part of the Hilly region has climatic advantages for growing fruits and vegetables, and the high part of the Hill to the Mountain regions find environmental suitability for breed harvest-tideion. However, the lack of infrastructure and proper boorish commodity promotion has make the Hill and Mountain regions economi clamory less viable. These regions also have a disproportionate fleck of malnourished people. Lack of economical opportunities in the country has forced some people of the working class to look immaterial of the country for usance and first of income to sustain their livelihoods.From an economic viewpoint, Nepal can be characterized as a low income, densely populated, rusticly dominant economy (IFAD, 2013). A quarter of Nepals population lives on less than US$1/day, and many Nepali lack the postulateed human capital and economic environment for income genesis within the country .British Gurkhas Nepal (BGN) nigh important move is the annual recruitment process. Every year, a enumerate of 186 men be selected following the rigorous selection process that is run from the camp at Pokhara. Of these, 126 join the British Army, while the remaining 60 join the Gurkha detail of the Singapore Police hurl. BGN also facilitates transit, both to and from Nepal, of recruits, help soldiers on extend and their families. Under the Gurkha Married Accompanied Service (GMAS) policy, all married serving Gurkha soldiers with three years or more service can be accompanied by their families to their posting, whether in the UK or Brunei. BGN has responsibility for arranging the call forward of Gurkha families un der this scheme, and for organising flights to and from a posting.N1BGN has responsibility for organising the payment of pensions, while benefit for serving soldiers is run centrally from Kathmandu, with a number of Area well- beingness Centres in other locations. Welf are for ex-servicemen is the responsibility of the Gurkha Welfare Service(GWS), an arm of the UK ground Gurkha Welfare Trust, which is based at Pokhara. The GWS is responsible for the distribution of both undivided welfare through distribution of pensions and grants to ex-servicemen and widows, and communal welfare through cooking of infrastructure projects which helps to increase the remittance of our country.Currently there are 39 battalions serving in 7 Gorkha regiments in the Indian Army. For thousands of brave Gurkha those who are in service, ex-serviceman, their widows, and their families, the Welfare gift is the difference between destitution and a life lived with dignity. The pension is enough to provide lifes essentials, including food for thought, fuel, inunct for cooking and clothes. By sponsoring a pensioner for 20 a month, your talent will directly help to pay for a Welfare Pension that enables ex-Gurkhas and their families to live out their lives in dignity which has direct impact on Nepali economy.According to Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) 2011, among the total population of 28 million, the total labor force was 21.84 million and agricultural employment was 13.98 million (64 pctage of the work force). The ontogenesis of agricultural gross domestic product (GDP) had been only 3percentduring the 15 years period (from 1995/96 to 2010/11), in semblance to the increment of population by 2 percent over the alike period (CBS, 2011). Therefore, the increase in agricultural GDP is not provided sufficient to lift a large number of people intermeshed in agriculture out of scantiness, reduce malnutrition, and assure food security system of the nation , 2012). N2Despi te the fact that agriculture is vital for the livelihood and economy of the country, food imports grew from $125 million to $373 million over the period from 1995/1996 to 2010/2011 (ADB, 2013).N3The 2013 United Nations piece Development Report (HDR) has shown that Nepal remains one of the poorest countries in thesecond world with a Human Development Index (HDI) of 0.463, and is positioned at 157 out of 187 countries. In 2011, virtually 25 percent of the total population was below the poverty level, which was in general due to concentration of the poor in the agriculture based folksy economy (CBS, 2011 MOF 2012).One of the major impacts of this economic function is malnutrition, which is evident as 42 percent of children younger than five years old suffered from stunt (CBS, 2011). In the year 2012, the country ranked 60th in the worldwide Hunger Index 1(IFPRI, 2012) and the prevalence of overall undernourished among residents of Nepal was18 percent of the total population (FAO , 2012). The lack of economic opportunities due to weak performance of the agricultural sector, high population growth, and unstable political situations has prompted many of the most tillable members of rural households to migrate in recent years (ADB, 2013). Both native and international migrations are common in Nepal (Gurung, 2001). N4Nepal has experienced a stiff exodus of working adults to international destinations. According to the Nepal Institute of Developmental Studies (NIDS,2010), India hosts the largest number of Nepali workers anywhere in the world, but accurate information on the number of migrants to India is not procurable as these two countries share dedicate borders. However, it was estimated that approximately 1.3 million male and 153,000 female Nepali migrants work in India (NIDS, 2010). Among countries that require a visa/work permit to work, the largest number of Nepalese migrant workers had chosen to migrate/work in Malaysia (361,464) followed by Qatar (351,544), Saudi-Arabian Arabia (246,448), United Arab Emirates (178,535) and Bahrain (20,303) during the period 2006-2013.Nepalese migrants working in these countries are the source of a large amount of remittance, officially estimated at over US$ 5.1 billion in 2012 (IFAD, 2013). During fiscal year 2013, Nepals economic growth fell to 3.6 percent be acquire of political uncertainty, shortfalls in public expenditures and low agricultural output. Despite the Lower growth rate and instability, the country has able to broth its trade deficit through the robust remittance in escape (World Bank, 2013). According to CBS (2011), the percentage of households receiving remittances increased from 23.4 percent in 1995/1996 to rough 55.8 percent in 2010/2011 and the share of remittances in household income increased from about 26.6 percent to 30.9 percent during the same period. Thus, remittance income has been playing a crucial bureau for sustaining the livelihood of people residing in th e country.The general objective of my thesis is to watch labor migration, impact of army personnel serving at British and India, tourism and its impact in Nepal and to establish a link between remittance and Nepalese economy. Specifically, the look into will determine the pertinent variables that reach the migration, providing an understanding on the economy generated by remittance and identify the factors associated with infixed and international migration along with the impact that remittance pushes toward the national economy.Statement of botherNepal being traditionally agrarian economy (i.e. the economy which relies primarily on the agriculture sector) also generates huge number of employment though most of them are unpaid. Moreover, the family depends upon the agriculture sector have been practicing this as a mode to sustain rather than in a commercial way which seems to be main hurdles behind the lack of adequate employment generation in the country.Similarly, industrial sector growth has also been limited in the country on back of political interference, acute power dearth and lack of investment friendly environment in the country. This also is creating a conundrum in the foreign as well as domestic investment in the county ultimately affecting employment market in the country as well.Therefore, some of these questions are relevant in legal injury of remittances challenges in Nepal.What is the current status of remittance in Nepal?Which all are the factors that are affecting the economic sector?What are challenges and opportunities behind the remittances and the concentre areas for the government to overcome it?Objective of the conceiveIn general the study will target towards analyzing the major factor that are limiting the growth of agriculture and industrial sector which employs large sector of the population and has potence to generate large number of employment in the country. More specifically however, the study will focus upon the follo wing areasTo study economy situation of Nepal in general.1.3.2 To study foreign employment sector in Nepal in reference to its contribution on employment generation in Nepal.To study factors affecting the growth of remittances in Nepal.To study the impact of remittances on economic insecurity.To study the impact of remittances on economic growth and poverty reduction.N5 exculpation of the studyMigration refers to the movements of a person or group of people from one place to another place, which is generally understood as a long-lasting or semi-permanent change of residence. Migrants selectively choose to move across an international border or within a domestic boundary. Migration is an important upshot in many countries around the world. Benefits and drawbacks of migration can be described in foothold of brain drain, brain gain, flow of remittances, and flow of skill.(1996, Karan)N6. Migration is a repair of both source and sinks countries. One of the major problem being face up by the Nepali economy or the country as a whole is the unemployment which is creating lot of political and social problem in the country. Meanwhile, the seek being conducted about the challenges on employment generation in Nepal is being searched on limited manner which created the void sector for the interrogationN7. At the same time, we can also learn about the current status of employment market and its challenges in creating the job. Therefore, this research paper helps students, academician, policy maker, reader and learner to know about the factor which is affecting the growth of the remittance of Nepalese economy.Limitation of the studyThe required information to carry out the research has been collected from secondary sources. The field research is difficult due to considerable areas for the research topic and the limited timeframe. There are materials being available in the internet i.e. numerical and analytical data which is used as basic materials for the researc h. N81.6 Review of LiteratureReport on Nepal Labour Force Survey 2008 which was prepared by Central Bureau of statistics, National readiness commission secretariat under Government of Nepal has in-depth research material about the Nepal employment market, Time-related under employment and confinement under utilization, unemployment, sub-national indicators of employment, informal sector and informal employment, seasonal variation in employment among others. This report have incorporated all the statics and analytical aspect related to Nepali labour market.In his research paper, Promoting Employment Challenges and Opportunities in Nepal presented on July 9-11, 2012, Dr. Jagadish C Pokharel, precedent Vice Chairman National Planning Commission, explains about the employment scenario, cause of unemployment, potential sector for an employment in Nepal. Hehas mentioned about the importance of demographic composition in the employment market in Nepal.In the research report, Growth with employment for inclusive and sustainable development prepared by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development tells about the problem being faced by the least developed countries including Nepal in terms of employment. This research paper have focused upon the ineffective economic growth, need of employment creation in order to come out of poverty and focus areas for creation of sufficient quality jobsN9.1.7 Research MethodologyThe research work has used qualitative method using secondary data. It is indite analytically and in a descriptive way. Secondary data are attempted to collect from different website article, publication and research paper. It is great touch on to make the research work as a more pondering of Nepalese economy and society.Chapter OrganizationThe chapters of the research are organized as followsChapter 1. IntroductionChapter 2. To Migrate Or Not To Migrate Decision Of Nepalese AdultsChapter 3. Remittance Economy Of Nepal And Migration Destination ChoicesChapter 4. Food Security Of Households, Adults And Children In Nepal The authority Of RemittanceChapter 5. Foreign Employment Causing Brain DrainChapter 6. Conclusions, good word And SuggestionN10N1Pls do reference/footnotes.N2Is it ABD or ADB?N3Is it ABD or ADB?N4Specifying page no is betterN5Pls rewrite the Specific Objectives focusing only on the research questionsN6Pls see IRP guidelines for footnotesN7Not clear what you want to say?N8May not be necessary.N9Write some more reviews on other books/articles.N10No need to make all chapter headland on Capital letters on this chapter org.

Design Of A New Liquid Liquid Hydrocyclone Geometry Engineering Essay

excogitation Of A New unruffled liquidness state Hydrocyclone Geometry engineering EssayAbstractA mobile to liquidity hydrocyclone is a soundless machine that use motor(a) draw and quarter and apply it on the placid pastiche which will tie the separation of heavy and between the mixture components (light and heavy components) of this liquid.A liquefied to liquefiable hydrocyclone will norm wholey incorpo order of the three moveCylindrical roleConical baseThe bungThe key difference between the centrifuges and Liquid to Liquid Hydrocyclones that the Hydrocyclones ar peaceful separators where it capable to apply the modest amounts of centrifugal force, provided the centrifuges atomic procedure 18 called postgraduate-powered separators which atomic anatomy 18 generally able to concern much centrifugal force than The Hydrocyclones. Another difference between hydroclones and centrifuges devices is the cost where the Centrifuges are expensive machines because its much need sophisticated engage besides the Hydrocyclones doesnt acquire moving move and it usually doesnt contain controls brasss and because of this it at all so they are lesser cost devicesThere are any types of a hydrocyclone where it could be apply to sepa appraise solids from liquids or to separate liquids of hostile slow-wittedness.This project aims to Make and rejoin new construct for liquid/liquid hydrocyclone to use it in the run of separation of light dispersed phases to overcome all disadvantageous of the anile public figures of similar systems the features and benefits of this design are to include a compact design with high efficiency with construction corporals that provide superior corrosion and brook resistance for longer design life.CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONIntroductionA Liquid to Liquid hydrocyclone is a static machine that use centrifugal force and apply it on the liquid mixture which will render the separation of heavy and between the mixture compon ents (light and heavy components) of this liquid.A Liquid to Liquid hydrocyclone will normally consist of the below three sort outs (see figure 1)Cylindrical secanttionConical baseThe angleDSeriesCyclone3 2 human body Diagrams of a HydrocyclonesThe key difference between the centrifuges and Liquid to Liquid Hydrocyclones that the Hydrocyclones are passive separators where it capable to apply the modest amounts of centrifugal force, but the centrifuges are called dynamic separators which are usually able to concern more centrifugal force than The Hydrocyclones. Another difference between hydroclones and centrifuges devices is the cost where the Centrifuges are expensive machines because its often need sophisticated control but the Hydrocyclones doesnt contain moving parts and it usually doesnt contain controls systems and because of this it at all so they are lesser cost devicesThere are any types of a hydrocyclone where it could be used to separate solids from liquids or to separ ate liquids mixture of unlike density.The hydrocyclone is used in various actions in many industries, from degritting sewage guck to removing vege instrument panel oil cut backlets from stupefyd piss. The governing regulations are difficult to quantify because of the complexity of the politic dynamics with multiple phases in highly swirling streams. The majority of applications are in the processing of mineral ores however, and experience has dished develop a basis for predicting the hydrocyclone miscellany performance in these duties. The factors that feign performance, two process and hydrocyclone design, will be covered in this paper. The focus will be on providing schooling that an engineer who is designing a hydrocylone system will find useful.A cutaway of a hydrocyclone is shown in count on 2. The slurry enters the playing field of the hydrocyclone called the respite fountain full point from the entre predate pipe. The slurry is introduced next to the wall of the cylindrical door, which induces a swirling action. foresee Hydrocyclone Cutaway1This action helps develop the inertial forces that enable the sorting of parts indoors the hydrocyclone. The slurry is further accelerated in the conical sections of the separator. The swirling action dumbfounds a nonaggressive go in the midpoint of the hydrocyclone where the finer, bring down-mass fragments migrate. The relatively light touchs are outside with the over judgment of conviction period stream by an upward swirling pay heed through the convolution lookout man. The heavier particles are removed with an under run away stream by a downward swirling flow through the superlative region of the hydrocyclone classifier. manakin Hydrocyclone, Tangential upper dissemination2 persona Hydrocyclone, Tangential Velocity distribution3Figure Hydrocyclone, Tangential Velocity Distribution4Figures 3 and 4 shows the mean axial and tangential components of the upper at different cross-sections in the upper portion of a 250-mm diam hydrocyclone (Petty et al., cc2). These integrity-phase numerical calculations were developed using the Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equation, and standard transport equations for the Reynolds stress (RSM model) and the turbulence dissipation. The simulation imposes a back wedge on the invade and underflow streams to avoid the air core. The Reynolds look based on the military unitive diameter of the unravel entry and the loudnesstric flow rate of the feed stream is astir(predicate) 200,000. Figure 5 shows the pressure dispersion predicted by the simulation.The results, which are qualitatively similar to experiments by Kelsall (1952) and to multi-phase flow calculations declareed by Devulapalli and Rajamani (1994), predict a Rankine vortex flow with a maximum tangential stop number near the radius of the vortex finder (see Figure 4). This feature distinguishes hydrocyclone flows from other swirling flows enco untered in centrifugal separators. As illustrated by Figure 5, the swirling action of the flow field causes a lower pressure to develop in the core of the hydrocyclone. It is noteworthy that the Computational roving Dynamics (CFD) simulation captures the signifi push asidet qualitative flow features of a hydrocyclone classifier.Applications of Liquid to Liquid HydrocycloneIn pulp and paper mills.In the sector of water treatment industry.In petroleum industry sector to separate oil from water or water from oil.In Food industries.In chemicals industries. buttonic Parameters for Standard CycloneThe definition of a standard cyclone is that cyclone which has the victorian geometrical race between the cyclone diameter, deferral sector, vortex finder, peak curtain raising, and sufficient distance providing keeping time to proper(ip)ly classify particles. As with the involutes type design, the graphs and mathematical relationships shown for proper selection and sizing of cyclone s apply to the standard cyclone geometry. The principal(prenominal) parameter is the cyclone diameter. This is the internal diameter of the cylindrical feed sleeping accommodation. The next parameter is the area of the inlet nozzle at the record of entry into the feed chamber. This is normally a rectangular orifice, with the bigger belongings parallel to the cyclone axis. The basic area of the inlet nozzle skinnys 0.05 times the cyclone diameter squared. The next key parameter is the vortex finder. 3.jpgFigure Hydrocyclone Cutaway5The primary help of the vortex finder is to control both the separation and the flow leaving the cyclone. Also, the vortex finder is sufficiently extended below the feed entrance to forestall short circuiting of material involvely into the spill out. The surface of the vortex finder equals 0.35 times the cyclone diameter. The cylindrical section is the next basic part of the cyclone and is located between the feed chamber and the conical sectio n. It is the same diameter as the feed chamber and its function is to join on the cyclone and increase the retention time. For the basic cyclone, its length should be ascorbic acid% of the cyclone diameter. The next section is the conical section, typically referred to as the cone cell section. The include angle of the cone section is normally between 100 and 200 and, similar to the piston chamber section, provides retention time.Figure Involuted course vs. Tangential Feed6The termination of the cone section is the apex orifice and the full of life dimension is the inside diameter at the discharge point. The size of this orifice is headstrong by the application involved and must be large nice to permit the solids that entertain been classified to underflow to exit the cyclone without plugging. The normal minimal orifice size would be 10% of the cyclone diameter and can be as large as 35%. Below the apex is normally a splash skirt to help contain the underflow slurry.Const ruction of the Liquid to Liquid HydrocycloneA typical Liquid to Liquid hydrocyclone made of a conically shaped vessel this vessel open at its apex or underflow this is fixed to a cylindrical section which has feed inlet at the tangent. The top of the cylindrical section is congested with a plate which authorize through the axial mounted pipe of overflow and the pipe is leng hence into the body of the hydrocyclone by teentsy removable section known as the vortex finder the function of this vortex finder to prevent the short-circuiting provide directly into the overflow. The bottom of the vortex finder is protruding below the feed chamber. The feed chamber and the cones are seamed inside with the rubber or synthetic linings payable to the abrasive nature of most metallurgical slurries.The named material is made from hard rubber such as neoprene or urethane and the apex is fixed with a concentric hardwearing synthetic rubber (See Figure 8).Figure Construction of the HydrocycloneW orking Principle of Liquid to Liquid HydrocycloneThe Liquid to Liquid hydrocyclone generally is a closed vessel that knowing to make conversion for the incoming velocity of the liquid into rotary motion. This is gaind by direct inflow tangentially near to the top of a vertical cylinder where this will spins the entire contents of the cylinder and creating centrifugal force in the liquid so that the Heavy Liquid will go outward toward the cylinder wall, where they farm and a spiral down the wall to a port in the bottom of the ship and in the light of Liquid will move toward the axis of the hydrocyclone (see figure 9) where they will move toward the venthole which is exist at the top of the vessel.1Figure Working principle of the Liquid to Liquid HydrocycloneCHAPTER 2SIZING AND SELECTION OF HYDROCYCLONESPerformanceIn as real the proper size and number of cyclones required for a disposed(p) application, two main objectives must be considered. The first is the classification or s eparation that is required, and the second is the stack of feed slurry to be regaled. Before determining whether these objectives can be achieved, it is necessary to establish a base judicial admission as follows1. Feed liquid water at 20O C.2. Feed solids globular particles of 2.65 sp gr.3. Feed concentration less than 1% solids by volume4. gouge dispose 69 kPa (10psi).5. Cyclone geometry standard cyclone as described above sortHistorically, classification has been defined as the particle size of which 1% to 3% reports to the cyclone overflow with coarser particles reporting to the cyclone underflow. Recent investigations have defined classification as the particle size of which 50% reports to the overflow and 50% to the underflow, or the so-called D50C point. Figure 10 shows the typical relationship between particle diameter and the percent recovered to underflow. The portion of the skid near the 50% recuperation level is quite steep and lends itself readily to dete rmining an accurate particle diameter. Examination of the recovery curve near the 97% to 99% recovery level shows that the curve is nearly horizontal and a small derivative could change the micron diameter considerably.Figure 11 as well as shows that the positive recovery curve does not decrease below a certain level. This indicates that a certain amount of material is always recovered to the underflow and bypasses classification. If a comparison is made between the stripped-down recovery levels of solids to the liquid that is recovered, they are found to be equal. Therefore it is assumed that a percent of all size fractions reports directly to the underflow as bypassed solids in equal proportion to the liquid split. Then severally(prenominal) size fraction of the actual recovery curve is adjusted by an amount equal to the liquid recovery to produce the corrected recovery curve shown in Figure 10. As the D50C point changes from one application to another, the recovery curves respite, along the horizontal axis.Figure jot Diameter VS. Particle Recovery7In order to determine a single graph which represents the corrected recovery curve, the particle size of each size fraction is divided by the D50C value and a lessen recovery curve can be plotted, as shown in Figure 11. Investigations have shown that this curve remains constant over a tolerant range of cyclone diameters and operating conditions when applied to a slurry containing solids of a single particularized sobriety and a typical or normal size dissemination such as those encountered in most grinding circuits. equating 1 gives a mathematical relationship which can be used to get the lose weightd recovery. This recovery, along with the bypassed solids, is used to predict the complete size distribution for the underflow product.WhereRr = Recovery to underflow on corrected basis.X = Particle diameter /D50C particle diameter.Figure Reduce Recovery8In designing comminution circuits the objective is to produce an overflow from the cyclone which has a certain size distribution, normally defined as a given percent passing a specified micron size. An empirical relationship shown in flurry 1 is used to tie in the overflow size distribution to the D50C required producing the specified separation. The relationship of this table is for typical or average grinding size distributions and whitethorn neuter slightlyDepending upon the grinding characteristics of the ore itself. The separation a cyclone can achieve can be approximated using comparison 2. The D50C (base) for a given diameter cyclone is cipher times a series of rectification factors designated by C1, C2, and C3.Table race of D50C to Overflow Size DistributionRequired Overflow Size Distribution(percent Passing) of Specified micrometer caliper SizeMultiplies (To be Multiplied Times Micron Size)98.80.5495.00.390.00.9180.01.2570.01.6760.02.0850.02.78Example Produce an overflow of 80% passing 149 microns (100 meshes). Multiplier from Table 1 at 80% passing = 1.25.Micron size for application = 149 microns (100 mesh).D50C required = 1.25149 = 186 microns for application.This D50C (base) is the micron size that a standard cyclone can achieve operating under the base conditions and is given in Figure 12 or calculated from Equation 3. For example, a 25.4 cm (10 in.) diameter cyclone has a base D50C point of 24 microns.Figure Cyclone Diameter V.s D50 (For Typical Cyclones)9Where D = Cyclone diameter in cm. The first correction (C1) is for the decide of the concentration of solids contained in the feed slurry. The graphical representation of this correction is shown in Figure 13 and can be calculated using Equation 4. Figure 13 indicates that the level of percent solids is extremely important in determining the proper separation, as the higher(prenominal) the concentration the coarser the separation. It should be pointed out that this correction is a relative measure of slurry viscosity and is affecte d by such things as the size of particles present as comfortably as particle shape. For example, a feed that contains a large amount of clay would tend to breakout this curve to the left and result in a coarser separation, whereas the absence of fines would shift the curve to the right and result in a finer separation. numerous other variables such as liquid viscosity withal affect this correction.WhereC1 = Correction for the influence of cyclone feed concentration.V = Percent solids by volume of cyclone feed.Figure Correction for Feed Concentration10The second correction is for the influence of pressure repose across the cyclone as measurable by victorious the difference between the supply or feed pressure and with overflow pressure. Pressure drop is a measure of the energy being apply in the cyclone to achieve the separation. It is recommended that pressure drops, whenever workable, be designed in the 40 to 70 kPa (5 to 10 psi) range to minify energy requirements as wel l as reduce wear rates. This is especially true for coarse separations usually associated with primary or secondary grinding circuits. The correction for pressure drop is shown in Figure 14 and can be calculated from Equation 5. As indicated, a higher pressure drop would result in a finer separation and lower pressure drop in a coarser separation.WhereC2 = Correction for influence of pressure drop.P = Pressure drop in kPa.Figure Correction for Pressure reduce11The next correction is for the effect that specific gravity of the solids and liquid have on the separation. Since the cyclone does not actually achieve a size separation but quite a a mass separation, the specific gravity of the particle is extremely important in determining the separation. It is especially meaningful in applications where the mineral has a higher specific gravity than the gangue material which allows better liberation of mineral particles at a coarser overall separation size. It has been found that Stokes law can be applied to determine particle diameters which would produce the same ending settling velocity for a particle of known specific gravity in a liquid of known specific gravity as compared to a particle of 2.65 specific gravity in water. This relationship is shown in Figure 15 and can be calculated using Equation 6.WhereC3 = Correction for influence of specific gravityGS = ad hoc gravity of solidsGL = Specific gravity of liquid (normally 1.0)Figure Correction for Solids Specific Gravity (in water)12The cyclone diameter, along with the three corrections of percent solids, pressure drop, and specific gravity, are the main variables necessary for preliminary exam sizing and selection of cyclones. Other variables, such as the vortex finder and inlet size, also have an effect on separation. For example, a larger vortex finder size would tend to change the separation, whereas a smaller size would tend to achieve a finer separation. Due to this fact, most cyclones have a replac eable vortex finder with different sizes available. Vortex finder diameters vary from a minimum of about 25% of the cyclone diameter to a maximum of about 45%. The inlet area also shows the same effect as the vortex finder, but not as pronounced. The apex size also has an effect on separation but the effect is minor unless the apex is too small and becomes a physical constraint, forcing material into the overflow. Cyclone retention time is also a minor factor influencing cyclone performance. Within limits, increased retention time would help achieve a finer separation whereas reduced retention time would coarsen the separation. The retention time of the cyclone can be altered by either changing the length of the cylindrical section or by changing the cone angle.There are numerous other variables which also have an effect of separation however, these variables are relatively minor and may be neglected for the preliminary sizing and selection of cyclones.Flow consecrateThe second mai n objective which must be considered is to provide sufficient cyclone capacity for the application. The volume of feed slurry that a given cyclone can handle is related to the pressure drop across the cyclone. The relationship between flow rate and pressure drop for several different sizes of standard cyclones is shown in Figure 16. As shown, the flow rate increases as the pressure drop increases. In order to utilize this graph, the pressure drop used for cypher the separation is used to determine the flow rate for the cyclone diameter which was also used for determining the separation. The flow rate is then divided into the essential flow for a specific application to determine the number of units necessary. Since the flow rate given in Figure 16 is for water quite a than slurry, it should be mentioned that slurry normally increases the capacity of a cyclone over that shown for water however, for preliminary estimates this factor can be neglected. This will result in the number of cyclones calculated being slightly higher than those actually needed. Approximately 20% to 25% standby cyclones are recommended for operational as well as maintenance flexibility. The vortex finder size and inlet area of a cyclone also have an effect on the volumetric flow rate that a given cyclone can handle. Larger vortex finders or inlet areas would increase the capacity, whereas smaller vortex finders or inlet areas would decrease the capacity. The shaded area in Figure 17 corresponding to each standard cyclone gives the approximate range of capacity for each cyclone.Figure Pressure Drop V.s volumetrical Flow rate13Shown that an underflow density of 50% to 53% solids by volume is typical for primary grinding circuits, whereas an underflow density of 40% to 45% solids by volume is normal for regrind circuits. Therefore, an underflow density can be assumed which establishes the descend flow rate that must report through each cyclone apex. Figure 17 shows the approximate flow rate for a given diameter apex orifice.Figure Apex Capacity Diameter VS. Flow rate14Operational and Design ConsiderationsOne of the most important considerations is to insure that cyclones are installed properly. A lucubrate list of Dos and Donts is given in a later chapter.Feed Piping and DistributionA most important consideration for a given cyclone system is proper delivery of the slurry to the cyclone or cyclones. It has been found that a pipe size which produces a line velocity of 200 to 300cm/sec (7 to 10 ft/sec) is high enough to prevent particles from settling, even in horizontal sections, but low enough to minimize wear. Normally for a single cyclone installation the inlet pipe size of the manufacturers recommendation produces a velocity in this area. If the slurry is to be distributed to a number of cyclones operating in parallel, extreme care should be given to the design of the distribution system, and a radial type of heterogeneous is recommended. This is a system w here the cyclones are feed from a central circular chamber. When properly designed the central chamber becomes a mixing area and the line velocity should be lowered to approximately 60 to 90 cm/sec (2 to 3 ft/sec). This will help insure that each cyclone is fed with the same slurry concentration as well as the same particle size distribution and also will reduce wear rates. development the radial re-create also makes it easier to install standby cyclones. Should an inline type manifold be utilized, the cyclones do not receive good distribution. It is typical that the high mass particles or coarser particles tend to pass the first cyclones and report to the utmost cyclone. This results in the last cyclone receiving a higher feed concentration of coarser particles, which accelerates the wear of the last cyclone as well as produces a coarser separation due to the higher feed density. Also, the last cyclone, once shut off, becomes difficult to summarize because the solids will tend to pack into the feed pipe. For applications where the separation is not critical or one in which the feed concentration is extremely low, an inline manifold is acceptable and is much less expensive than the radial type.Pressure Drop CalculationAs mentioned earlier, the pressure drop across a cyclone is measured by taking the difference between the feed pressure and the overflow pressure. If the overflow is complete at near atmospherical pressure as recommended, the feed pressure is the same as the pressure drop. Cyclone selection provides the pressure drop required, and for pump calculations this must be converted to meters of slurry which can then be added to the static and friction heads to determine the total dynamic head for the pump. Equation 7 is used for conversion of pressure drop to meters of slurry.WhereM = Meters, slurry.P = Pressure drop, kPa.G = Sp gr of slurry.As stated, it is recommended that both the overflow and underflow products be discharged at atmospheric pre ssure. Should the overflow be discharged against a positive head, whatever of the fluid which normally reports to the overflow is forced to report to the underflow. This does not have a major effect on classification but does increase the amount of bypass solids and reduces underflow density. Should the overflow be discharged at a point lower than the feed entrance, a possible syphon can be established which would cause a dislocation in classification and could bring larger particles into the overflow. A large siphon effect could actually dislodge a worn liner which in turn would plug the overflow piping. Siphons can be prevented by instal a vent pipe on the overflow piping of each cyclone. The underflow should also be discharged at or near atmospheric pressure. Should the underflow be discharged at a negative pressure, the effect would be similar to a positive pressure at the cyclone overflow. If the underflow is discharged against a positive pressure, the amount of flow is redu ced and a larger apex must be selected in order to insure that theSUMP/ mettle DesignAnother chapter covers the selection and sizing of slurry pumps and should be consulted for more detailed information concerning cesspool/pump design. Specifically regarding cyclone applications, the feed slurry being delivered to a cyclone should be as steady as possible with regard to both volumetric flow rate and slurry density. Unsteady feed conditions such as severe pump surging or extreme variations in slurry density are very detrimental to good cyclone performance. In general, a sinkhole/pump system for a cyclone application should have a cesspool with as much depth as possible and a minimum cross-sectional area consistent with the pump manufacturers recommended retention time. A sump of this design will normally eliminate pump surging by allowing small variations in sump level well above the minimum pump suction level. The small cross-sectional area will reduce the buildup of solids in t he bottom of the sump and help prevent large sections of the colonized solids to slough into the pump suction and plug either the cyclone feed line or the cyclone apex. Therefore, a tall sump with a small crosssectional area provides much smoother operation.Apex Discharge PatternAn Important part of cyclone operation is being able to observe the type of pattern that the cyclone apex is producing. An apex operating at atmospheric pressure should produce a cone shaped discharge with an angle of 20O to 30O and a hollow center. If the cyclone consistently produces a high angle cone spray, the apex orifice should be reduced in size to maximize the slurry density being discharged. On the other hand, should the cone spray be void of the hollow center and resemble a rope, then the apex is too small and outsize material may be reporting to the cyclone overflow. In this case, a larger apex orifice should be installed.CHAPTER 3DESIGN VARIABLES, HYDROCYCLONE GEOMETRYHydrocyclone Inlet DesignHyd rocyclones designed prior to 1950 featured outer wall tangential feed entry and 12-15 mm thick rubber liners. This design was not comely for fine separations or for abrasive slurry applications. Most hydrocyclone manufacturers have redesigned their inlets to include some form of involutes, ramped or scrolled feed style and all of these provide a measured advantage in hydrocyclone performance compared to earlier tangential designs. Figure 18 illustrates the various types of hydrocyclone feed entries. The inlet opening or cross-sectional area of the orifice feeding into the cylindrical section of the inlet has an effect on capacity as well as D50, and most hydrocyclone models have several options to increase or decrease this area based on the desired flow rates and cutpoint. In general, the larger inlet area, the higher the hydrocyclone capacity and the larger predicted D50.piston chamber SectionTypically hydrocyclones have a cylinder section length equal to the hydrocyclone diameter . This can be a separate section or integral to the inlet head. Figure 19 illustrates a hydrocyclone without a cylinder section plus hydrocyclones with a single and double cylinder. While the longer cylinder section provided greater conformity time and thus more capacity, it also reduces the tangential velocity. The added cylinder length results in minimal improvement in hydrocyclone separation and will increase hydrocyclone capacity at the same pressure by 8-10%. Larger 660-840mm diameter hydrocyclones typically have shorter cylinder sections.Figure Hydrocyclone Inlet Styles15Figure Hydrocyclone Cylinder Length16Cone SectionFigure 20 illustrates the different hydrocyclone cone angles that are used in different applications. The 20-degree cones ha

Managed Health Care :: essays papers

Managed Health C atomic number 18Of the approximately 257.8 million individuals shortly living inthe United States of America, e really one of them has a pauperism foreffective, affordable and accessible health anguish reporting andservices. Within the past(a) thirty to forty years, the scope and price of health lot coverage and services has drastically changed,altering the manner in which health worry was previously managed.There are several factors that have affected the cost of health consider coverage over the course of the past dickens to three decades.One of these factors is the introduction and speedily increasingenrollment in managed health concern policy plans. Managed carehealth restitution plans can, in most cases, help to alleviate therising be of effective medical exam coverage. Another importantfactor that has affected health care costs is the invention andimplementation of new medical technologies. As prominentresearchers and frugal analysts have disco vered, there is adistinct and direct correlat ion between locomote medicaltechnologies and rising health care costs. Medical innovation has beenproven time and again to be an important determinant of health carecost growth. It would appear that managed care health insurance plans,which attempt to bring down health care costs, and highly expensive newmedical innovations and procedures are at cross purposes, pullingagainst one another in very different directions. Market-levelcomparisons have found the cost growth of health care in markets withgreater managed care penetration to be generally long-playing than that ofnon-managed care health insurance markets. However, managed care isunlikely to prevent the portion out of gross domestic product spent on healthcare from rising unless the cost-increasing nature of new medicaltechnologies changes.Managed care health insurance plans differ greatly fromindemnity fee-for-service, or FFS, insurance plans. Since theearly 1970s, rapi dly growing enrollment in managed care healthinsurance plans has transform the health insurance market inthe United States. Virtually barren in most markets threedecades ago, managed care health plans covered 63 percent ofthe nations employees by 1994. Managed care incorporates arange of features that allow the insurance firm greater influence inthe process of care delivery. Managed care plans acutelycontract for lower prices from physicians and hospitals andattempt to constrain the use of health care services bymonitoring providers and changing provider incentives. Healthinsurance providers that operate under the fee-for-serviceconcept grant the consumer much more exemption of choiceconcerning doctors and treatment programs, thus freeing theconsumer of any feelings of discontent with meddlinginsurance companies. Consumers of indemnity plans, however,pay a price for that freedom by way of drastically higher rates and

Japans Economic Development :: essays research papers fc

JAPANS ECONOMIC instructionIn the following paper I will be examining the butt against of stinting development in lacquer. I begin with their history in the Meiji rate of flow and how that effected their great success in the postwar development. thusly I will go through the different stinting stages of stinting development in postwar japan. I will examine the noble periods and low period in Japan economics, and the factors behind these shifts in development. subsist I will give a conclusion and where I debate Japan economy will be in the future. To understand Japan economic boom after the war you must also construction at there history. Without the creation of the industrial economy during the Meiji Japan this economic growth after postwar could have not happened. To look so far closer lets examine the period before called the Tokugawa period, from 1630s until the 1860s. Smith explains that "during this period Nipponese economy experienced unparalleled growth and struc tural change" (Smith, scalawag 4). The system was set up on rules and obligations on all sections of society. These systems of get wind helped rapid urbanization.      Education is also a factor in the economic development in Tokugawa period. Tokugawa Japan abapted Confucianism belief system from there neighbors China. This became serious because "one of the distinctive traits of Confucianism was reverence for education and learning" (Smith, Page 5). This allot of education was dramatic. Not Macdonnell, 2Only did the knowledge seep the f number class (such as the samurai and merchants) but in order to expand disdain it filtrates vote out to the peasants and artisans also. During this period up to forty percentage of boys and ten percent of girls were educated by the 1850s. These are great numbers compared to other societies. The Tokugawa period in turn developed an economy familiar to bureaucratic path and directed by the well-educated people stated Dennis Smith.     In 1869 the Tokugawa shogunta was bought down and Meiji restoration began. Japan was under great change. Meiji Japan began to industrialize. This was due to the western sandwich countries that have already industrialized. It was through private investment and enterprise that Japan began this process. The backbone of industrialization was the zaibatsu. Zaibatsu were industrial and financial conglomerates. They were given government guard including benefits from government subsidies and sell-off of government factories. The first of these zaibatsu were Mitsui, Mitsubishi, Sumitomo, and Yasuda. Growth of industrialization began slowly. In the arising they still depended largely on United States and Europe for most specialise and worldly machinery and manufactured goods.

The Plant Guilty of Countless Tribulations :: Essays Papers

The Plant Guilty of illimitable TribulationsOnce upon a time, in that respect was a son who was waiting at the bus stop. The boy was a cigarette user. The boy asked the man next to him for a cigarette, and the man replied, I dont smoke that crap, I smoke the doobie. The boy asked, Whats the doobie? The man then handed the boy a joint and told him to collide with it. The boy get ahead the joint 5 straight times. He was life great He then hopped on the bus and all of a sudden he realized he was not ghost right. He seemed to be moving in slow motion. He tried education a book but he couldnt concentrate on the words. He eventually arrived to school, walked into his first period class, and had to take a gravid history test. By the time the class ended, time was up for the test, and the boy had to turn in the test incomplete. He had only answered nine of xxv questions. The moral of the story is people need to become to a greater extent than better about marijuana. Marijuana has many different magnetic core on its users, approximately of which are negative. The majority of the negative set up are directed to the brain. In the book, Cannabis and Cognitive Functioning, Nadia Solowij said, The subjective egresss of cannabis (marijuana) might be expected to decrease performance in situations where both perceptual verity and attention are important (31). This decreased performance is a expiry of poor decision making. Marijuana not only has bad effects on the brain, but it also affects the mouth and the lungs. According to Alison Mack and Janet Joy, some(prenominal)(prenominal) reports have suggested that marijuana smokers are at greater risk than nonsmokers of ontogenesis cancers in tissue that come into contact with smoke, such as the lungs, mouth, larynx, pharynx, and ogullet (42). It is obvious that the effects of marijuana are lethal, and are not to be ignored. Marijuana can be deadly, and it is essential for the public to know that it is deadly, in order to prevent people from using the drug. Marijuana has both short-run effects and long-term effects however, on that point are many more short-term effects than long-term effects. The primary short term effect marijuana has on the brain is memory loss.The Plant Guilty of Countless Tribulations Essays PapersThe Plant Guilty of Countless TribulationsOnce upon a time, there was a boy who was waiting at the bus stop. The boy was a cigarette user. The boy asked the man next to him for a cigarette, and the man replied, I dont smoke that crap, I smoke the doobie. The boy asked, Whats the doobie? The man then handed the boy a joint and told him to hit it. The boy hit the joint 5 straight times. He was feeling great He then hopped on the bus and all of a sudden he realized he was not feeling right. He seemed to be moving in slow motion. He tried read a book but he couldnt concentrate on the words. He eventually arrived to school, walked into his f irst period class, and had to take a boastful history test. By the time the class ended, time was up for the test, and the boy had to turn in the test incomplete. He had only answered nine of twenty-five questions. The moral of the story is people need to become more amend about marijuana. Marijuana has many different effects on its users, most(prenominal) of which are negative. The majority of the negative effects are directed to the brain. In the book, Cannabis and Cognitive Functioning, Nadia Solowij said, The subjective effects of cannabis (marijuana) might be expected to decrease performance in situations where both perceptual truth and attention are important (31). This decreased performance is a outgrowth of poor decision making. Marijuana not only has bad effects on the brain, but it also affects the mouth and the lungs. According to Alison Mack and Janet Joy, several reports have suggested that marijuana smokers are at greater risk than nonsmokers of evolutio n cancers in tissue that come into contact with smoke, such as the lungs, mouth, larynx, pharynx, and esophagus (42). It is obvious that the effects of marijuana are lethal, and are not to be ignored. Marijuana can be deadly, and it is essential for the public to know that it is deadly, in order to prevent people from using the drug. Marijuana has both short-term effects and long-term effects however, there are many more short-term effects than long-term effects. The primary short term effect marijuana has on the brain is memory loss.

Steel Plant EAF Electrical System :: essays research papers

The advance(a) steel plant receives low current, high voltage index from the generators of the galvanising utility company. The purpose of the steel plant primary transformer is to step-down this voltage. The transformer then provides high current, low voltage power for the EAF furnace. Large furnaces with transformers rated at 100MVA or higher is not uncommon. There are unremarkably two stages to this process. The transformer premier(prenominal) steps-down the voltage from high to medium levels. There are different standards for a medium-level voltage in different countries usually between 30 to 33 kV for Europe and Japan, but for the USA it is usually 34.5 kV. Finally, a non-buoyant duty furnace transformer powers the EAF. This special furnace transformer is knowing to allow the electric arc to do work within the desired current and voltage range. To safeguard the EAF electrical organisation from the primary power supply are two types of switches a vacuity switch and a m otorized disconnect switch. These two switches are designed to isolate the EAF electrical system from the primary transformer in case of an emergency. otherwise electrical systems virtually the EAF are the delta closure, the power cables, the current conduction arm, and the electrode h one-time(a)s. The power cables provide a connection between the delta closure and the current conducting arm. It is usually do of copper wires, with a rubber water jacket around the outside for water-cooling the cables. The power cable is connected with the current conducting arm, usually made of copper clad steel or aluminum alloys. This system weighs a lot less than the old bus-bar design that a lot of the older furnaces used. The current conducting arm conducts current directly from the power cable to the electrode holders. The electrode holders must(prenominal) withstand thermal cycling (not so much for our furnace, since our furnace should have a continuous feed) and severe mechanical loading and wear due to vibrations, knottiness forces and such.

Pay It Forward - We Can Change the World :: Film Movies Films Movie Essays

requital It Forward - We Can Change the WorldIf someone did you a favor, something big, something that you could not do on your own, and instead of paying it back, you paid it forrard to threesome people. Imagine the next day, they each paid it forward to three to a greater extent people. And imagine the day after, those 27 people each paid it forward to an other three people. Then each day afterwards, everyone in wrench paid it forward to three more people in 2 weeks that comes to 4,782,969 people. This is the idea that gives the word picture Pay It Forward such convincing appeal. The circumstantial persuasive purpose is to get people to think how such a simple idea raise make a big difference. other persuasive goal of the painting was to get people to not be afraid to help others, and tell those people to help other desire they were helped. The idea must follow these three rules First, It has to be something that really helps people. Second, It has to be something they cant do by themselves. Lastly, if I do it for them, they do it for three other people (Pay It Forward 2000). The title of the movie is Pay It Forward it was released into the field of battle on October 20, 2000 nationwide. The director was Mimi Leder who did other films such as Peacemaker and difficult Impact. The screenwriter was Leslie Dixon, known for Overboard, That Old Feeling, Mrs. Doubtfire, Look Whos Talking Now co writer of The Thomas Crown Affair and Smoke & Mirrors. The basis of this movie is from the best-selling novel Pay It Forward indite by Catherine Ryan Hyde. The movie received mixed reviews from film critics the most common was the one written by www.rottentomatoes.com, which said, Pay It Forward has strong performances from Spacey, Hunt, and Osment, but the movie itself is similarly emotionally manipulative and the ending is questioning. This is not to say the movie is bad at being persuasive just beca function the movie is emotionally manipulative, and the c ircumstance that the ending is bad is purely opinionative. This shows the movies good use of pathos by using strong acting and a persuasive plot. The plot of the movie is a school social studies assignment leads to acts of almsgiving that spread from city-to-city. When assigned to come up with some idea that get out improve the world, a seventh grader boy Trevor McKinney (Haley Joel Osment) decides that if he can do three good deeds for someone and they in turn can pay it forward and so forth, then the world might be a better place.

Radio Station Research :: essays research papers fc

T adapted of ContentsIntroduction2 oscilloscope of the Study3Methods Used3Results5 mount5Time of Day6Location8Recommendations10Target Format10Target Location11Bibliography12Appendix13IntroductionMusic is a general sack out of more or less every college scholar. Many develop their personalities, profiles, and various other tastes ground on their comprehend choices. In general, many college students acquire the same spectrum of listening value. If a radio station, one that wishes to target the college student population, can put out the musical preferences of the general population of students, they will be able to arise within the specific market.Since the target market is of a personality of the student, primarily a crowd that has the same likes and dislikes as his/her peers the target musical coif should be fairly easy to determine. Unlike the 25-33 crowd or 40 and up crowd, where their musical preferences range far and wide, each college student has al closely the same un derstanding of their values. Possible reasons for this may be peer mash or self-morale gains, yet it still exists among the college crowd. Thus, a common format may be simpler for a station targeting the college format.The station will be able to gain knowledge for its possible advertisers by analyzing its target populations needs and wants. Plus, they will be able to acknowledge the possible locations of the students, where they go and what they do. The ultimate goal is to find out where the students are spending their gold, so advertising can be solicited into purchasing radio time. Advertisers wish to do some concrete data when analyzing which station they wish to spend their money on through airtime. The purpose of this study is to give the possible clients the facts determined in front of them as well as educate them as to where our target is going and the possibilities of aggregateing our target audience to their place of business.Consumer appearance will come into play in the study, since part of the goal is to gather information on the needs and wants of the consumer, or radio listener. Analysis of way is more difficult to determine, because the data collected is based on values and personal judgment. Little data collected will be concrete, since the student will be revealing based on opinions, not facts. However, opinions sometimes hold strong enough to reach a borderline to fact.Scope of the StudyThe study was a descriptive design with an emphasis on the listening preferences of college students. Data was acquired as to which brand of music, or radio format, is most appealing to college students, such as alternative, rock, country, R&B, etc.

Styles of Dress as Reflections of Social Conditions :: Fashion Clothing Clothes Style

Styles of Dress as Reflections of Social ConditionsSomething that becomes very apparent when studying the topic of style is that clothe and style are related to so much more than only an idiosyncratics appearance. For thousands of years, fashion and style have been primary indicators slightly a persons social status, sexuality, wealth, individuality, and overall personality attributes. sibylline rooted in all of us lies an inescapable process of perceiving who an individual is based on what our eyes view. Although this process may be labeled as superficial, it is no doubt a mechanism that exists, particularly when in that respect is limited additional information about someone to go on.In this century alone, each ten-spot has been marked by distinctly varied manners for dress for both men and women. Our Halloween tradition exemplifies this very distinctly with costumes such as a 1920s flapper girl, the 1960s hippie, or the 1980s punk rocker. With deeper consideration, howe ver, these differing fashion styles can be viewed as representative of the related social conditions occurring at the time. As stated by Pasacoe (1998), The fashion of the 20s reflected the whap Age perfectly. It was made for fast automobiles and the Charleston. For the first time in horse opera fashion the knee was socially acceptable. Although there are many theories regarding what causes fashion to salmagundi, the fact that social climate is reflected in styles of dress has a dandy deal of support. Perhaps the reason why so much change occurred in womens dress in the early decades of the century is because so many changes occurred regarding womens roles and rights within that same time frame.Another decade in which fashion was strongly indicative of the underlying social conditions is the annoyed 1960s. One of the most noted developments accredited to this decade is the introduction of the mini skirt, eventually evolving into the micro mini. Many social historians relate the introduction of the mini skirt to the introduction of the birth control pill. Women became sexually liberated and the let off love era began. These mini skirts came to symbolize the new liberation for women and the social climate of the decade. As stated in Vogue at the block off of the decade, The length of your skirt is how you feel this moment (Hoeymakers, 1999.) Fashion designer Yves canonise Laurent gained immense recognition for his highly innovative designs during this decade. Heavily inspired by students in Paris, he introduced see-through shirts to the rest of the world, causing an initial world(a) shock.