US and Canada Essay -- Economic Relations

Economic relations between Canada and the United StatesIn January 1989, Canada and the US implemented the USA-Canada free trade agreement that marked a major increase in trade among them. Their commerce forms the largest bilateral trading relationship in the world. As a result of the free trade agreement, the economic relationship between them has succeeded and the two economies have become highly interconnected. In 1994, this agreement was part altered and broadened to include Mexico in the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) (McKinney 2010).Canadas thriftiness is geographically divided into economic clusters that have deeper relations with the USA than the rest of Canada. For instance, eight of the ten biggest Canadians cities are within 100 miles of the US border. After the free trade agreement, Canadian economy emerged as more dependent on international trade, and US-Canada trade was in part responsible for that. Canadas exports of goods and services increased from 25 p ercent of gross domestic carrefour (GDP) in 1989 to 43 percent in 2002, and exports to the USA augmented from 18.6 percent to 37.6 percent of GDP during the same period. Canadas imports of goods and services grew from 25.8 percent to 38.1 percent of GDP. The US share slightly increased from 63.8 to 71.1 percent (McKinney 2010).As an indicator of provinces lack of commerce among them, between 1989 and 2002, inter-provincial exports in Canada fell from 22.5 percent to 19.7 percent of GDP. In 2001, 90 percent of Canadian provinces exported more to the USA than to other provinces only two provinces did so in 1989. Therefore, Canadian economy has been more intertwined with parts of the USA and comparatively less linked across provinces (McKinney 2010)... ...nd investment in its oil sands. In fact, the rise in the guaranteed production of oil sands, as the US intends to do, will drop out Canada to invest in new technologies to reduce the extraction cost of oil sands.Second, Canada wou ld amend NAFTA to include a privilege treatment with regards to the US board chink/access, and solution and/or extinction trade of disputes with the US, such as softwood lumber, agricultural policies and intellectual property rights. Finally, the US would have to reimburse all the zero contracts signed among Canada and China.Clearly the relationship between China and Canada would be seriously deteriorated. As a rising power, China would soon become the greater economy in the world and retaliation would be likely to happen. Although as risky as the first option, this one seems to be worse in the long-run, rather than in the short-run.

ICT and Its Impact on an Individuals Work and Personal Life :: ICT Essays

A report into how ICT has had an impact on an individuals working andpersonnel lifeFor this report I decided to ask my silent how her life has changed sincecomputers became involved daily in life. I wrote 10 questions eachwith questions incorporated to get a wide view on how it has had hadan impact on her life.I asked my mum when did you first use a computer, and was it at the oeuvre or at home? she answered I first used a computer at workbecause it was part of my new jobI then asked if she went on a course to help learn new skills and didshe find it useful as take up questions. She replied no, I wasntgiven the opportunity to go on a course I simply had to teach myselfit would have been a lot fall apart if I had been on a course though.I then cute to find out if she was comfortable about using ICT andif she was confident with it. I asked Was ICT a big change for youwhich you didnt really want to take because you found itintimidating, or did you relish the thought of learning new skills?she answered yes I found it extremely intimidating as everyone elsein my office new how to work a computer and I felt left behind. Peoplealso thought that because they knew I should so I found it verystressfulNext I wanted to know how much exactly had ICT changed her workinglife I asked if it had and she answered after a long duration I havestarted to enjoy using the computer and I find it very useful At workHealth and base hit is a polar part of a working place and regulationsmust be taken seriously so I asked how do you solve problems to dowith health and safety? Are there any issues you feel strongly aboutand feel something should be done? she replied I believe health andsafety is very important and my workplace feels the same and are keento address and problems.I then wanted to know if any health and safety issues affected herpersonally on an occasional basis and what was done about them? shereplied no I dont have any they affect me on a day to day basisNext I want ed to know how ICT helped her at home if it did at all. Iwanted to know how often a computer was used for and how frequently ifone was owned.

Analysis of She Walks in Beauty by Lord Byron Essay -- Poem Poetry Lor

Analysis of She Walks in strike by Lord ByronShe Walks in Beauty is a poem in which the author speaks of the physical beautyof a woman a female who the author encountered. This encounter lead him to visualize agreat distinct physical image of her so he began to speak of this phenomenalattractiveness. A special quality in her was being able to be identified with the heaven.Beautiful like the stars and clearly visible as a cloudless night.The poem ?She Walks in Beauty? came by as an inspiration to the author. Thisoccurred at an event at cardinalded by the author where he meet his cousin which is the womanthe author speaks about in the poem.The author lord Byron wrote this poem which is prime in the Hebrew Melodies.This publication is found with many other lyrics completed in 1815.The poem speaks through the usage of imagery. The poem is highly rhythmic with substantive tones. Essentially the female in this poem is evaluated in terms of the physical humans. For example, the author d oes not provide a detailed appearance of the woman. She is instead shown responding to the world around her. George Gordon was born in London in 1788. Gordon was the son of CaptainJohn ?Mad Jack? Byron and his second wife, Catherine Gordon, a Scots heiress. The nextten years were difficult for George. One of the reasons was because of his clubfoot. Thesecond reason was because of his mother displaced resentment against his father onto him,and George Gordon had later been tended by a Calvinist nurse whom awakened hissexuality. In 1798 his great-uncle the fifth Baron Byron, died childless, and just after histenth birthday Byron inherited his title. In 1801 Byron was sent to school at Harrow inthe very(prenominal) year he ... ...imself. The rhymescheme shows a different pattern on individually stanza and its meter shows a consistent beat oneach line. The tone perceived in Byron?s poem is of romanticism inspired by the woman?sbeauty and its theme is of the immediate impression of a man towards a beautiful lady.There are also many poetic devices like alliteration , simile and internal rhyme shownthroughout the poem. thence making of this poem a delight to the mind, and an enjoyableliterary masterpiece. BibliographyRobert Di Yanni, Literature Reading Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and the Essay (Boston, Massachusetts Mc Graw Hill, 1998).The Penguin Group. ?World of Classics.? The Longman Anthology of British Literature. 24, Sep. 2000 .?Poetry series Supplement.? Masterplots II, Vol. 9 (Pasadena, California Salem Press, 1998).

Deeper Meaning of Shakespeares As You Like It :: Shakespeare As You Like It Essays

The Deeper Meaning of As You corresponding It                       Shakespe ares As You Like It is a good play for any angiotensin-converting enzyme to read or see. Some readers would enjoy one aspect of it, some would enjoy another. But every last(predicate) would, in general, enjoy the play. Albert Gilman says that Shakespeare think to imply that all that people need to live together in harmony is good sense, love, humor, and a generous disposition. (Gilman lxvii) This play is deeper than the surface, and that is part of its appeal to every(prenominal) kind of person. As its backing declares, this is a play to please all tastes. .For the simple, it provides the stock ingredients of romance....For the more sophisticated at d, it p propounds...a question which is left to us to answer Is it / better to live in the court or the earth?....For the learned and literary this is one of Shakespeares m ost allusive plays, uniting old traditions and compete with them lightly... (Gardner 161) The title of the play came from a note to his gentlemen readers in Thomas Lodges book, Rosalynde, in which he said, I f you like it, so. (Lodge 108) People interpret different lines and actions of the characters as they wish, and we know Shakespeare would not object it says so right in the title of the play Actors and Directors have taken this literally, and have made various changes to the script, such as having Phebe gnaw on a turnip or an apple amongst her lines and having Rosalind kiss the chain before giving it to Orlando. The characters in As You Like It are easy to understand because they follow their simple wishes they do something because it suits them. For example, Oliver hates Orlando because he wants to. there is no reason for him to resent him, none at all ... for my soul, though I know not why, hates nothing more than he. (Shakespeare 8) Duke Frederick banishes Rosalind becaus e people felt unforgiving for her for her fathers sake. Finally, Rosalind herself had no other reason than a simple whim to not carve up Orlando who she really was. Touchstone added the humor to the story, and Jacques added the melancholy. Shakespeare entered both of these characters into the play to balance apiece other. He also added Audrey and William to give all of the characters someone to love.Deeper Meaning of Shakespeares As You Like It Shakespeare As You Like It EssaysThe Deeper Meaning of As You Like It                       Shakespeares As You Like It is a good play for anyone to read or see. Some readers would enjoy one aspect of it, some would enjoy another. But all would, in general, enjoy the play. Albert Gilman says that Shakespeare intended to imply that all that people need to live together in harmony is good sense, love, humor, and a generous disposition. (Gilman lxvii) Thi s play is deeper than the surface, and that is part of its appeal to every kind of person. As its title declares, this is a play to please all tastes. .For the simple, it provides the stock ingredients of romance....For the more sophisticated at d, it p propounds...a question which is left to us to answer Is it / better to live in the court or the country?....For the learned and literary this is one of Shakespeares most allusive plays, uniting old traditions and playing with them lightly... (Gardner 161) The title of the play came from a note to his gentlemen readers in Thomas Lodges book, Rosalynde, in which he said, I f you like it, so. (Lodge 108) People interpret different lines and actions of the characters as they wish, and we know Shakespeare would not object it says so right in the title of the play Actors and Directors have taken this literally, and have made various changes to the script, such as having Phebe gnaw on a turnip or an apple between her lines and having Rosali nd kiss the chain before giving it to Orlando. The characters in As You Like It are easy to understand because they follow their simple wishes they do something because it suits them. For example, Oliver hates Orlando because he wants to. There is no reason for him to resent him, none at all ... for my soul, though I know not why, hates nothing more than he. (Shakespeare 8) Duke Frederick banishes Rosalind because people felt sorry for her for her fathers sake. Finally, Rosalind herself had no other reason than a simple whim to not tell Orlando who she really was. Touchstone added the humor to the story, and Jacques added the melancholy. Shakespeare entered both of these characters into the play to balance each other. He also added Audrey and William to give all of the characters someone to love.

King Lears Blindness Essay -- essays research papers

Although it is never too late to learn, those lessons learned in old age are the about difficult and the most costly. In his play KING LEAR, Shakespeare adorns that wisdom does not necessarily come with age. The mistakes that Lear and Gloucester make leave them vulnerable to disappointment and suffering at a conviction in their lives when both should be enjoying peace and contentment. Although both Lear and Gloucester achieve wisdom before they die, they pay a dear price for having lived life blindly.Lear and Gloucester both illustrate that wisdom does not always come with age. Lear asks his three daughters to express their love for him in public. Both Goneril and Regan have no problem competing for his love, butwhen it is Cordelia&8217s crimp she refuses to compete because she feels, she can&8217t express the way she feels through words. This refusal enrages Lear, hurts his pride, and causes him to make the foolish mistake of disowning Cordelia.................................. .for weHave no such daughter, nor shall ever nailThat face of her again. Therefore be goneWithout our grace, our love, our benison.( I, i, ll 261-264 )Because of Lear&8217s high position in society, he is supposed to be able to distinguish the good from the pestilential unfortunately, his lack of sight prevented him to do so. Lear&8217s first act of blindness is his foolish need of displayed affection by his daughters. First, he was easily deceived by his deuce eldest daughter&8217s lies, then he was unable to see the reality of Cordelia&8217s true love for him, and as a result, banished her from his kingdom. Lear... ...red in brambles and some other weeds, now he has been dressed in new clothing. Also, he has awakened with no recollection of how he arrived at where he is now, but he does commemorate the lessons he has learned. Do not trust the gilded serpents Regan and Goneril, and give your excess to thy fellow man so that he does not have to live in poverty and despair. Unfo rtunately Lear and Gloucester&8217s lesson was hard earned, and paid for with blood, including their own.From foolishness to suffering and to learning through there mistakes, both Lear and Gloucester have taken a light around the Wheel of Fortune. Lear&8217s downfall was a result of his failure to understand that appearance doesnot always represent reality. Gloucester avoided a similar transfer by learning the relationship between appearance and reality. It is amazing that only through great hardships, such as Gloucester having his eyes plucked out, could he and Lear go through true insight. Unfortunately, Gloucester&8217s blindness cost him his eyes and a natural relationship with his son. Lear&8217s blindness ended up costing Cordelia her life and then the life of himself.

King Lears Blindness Essay -- essays research papers

Although it is never too late to learn, those lessons learned in old age are the most difficult and the most costly. In his play might LEAR, Shakespeare illustrates that wisdom does non necessarily come with age. The mistakes that Lear and Gloucester make leave them vulnerable to disappointment and suffering at a time in their lives when both should be enjoying peace and contentment. Although both Lear and Gloucester achieve wisdom before they die, they pay a dear price for having lived life blindly.Lear and Gloucester both illustrate that wisdom does not unceasingly come with age. Lear asks his three daughters to express their love for him in public. Both Goneril and Regan have no problem competing for his love, butwhen it is Cordelia&8217s turn she refuses to compete because she feels, she can&8217t express the way she feels through words. This refusal enrages Lear, hurts his pride, and causes him to make the foolish mistake of disowning Cordelia................................ ...for weHave no such daughter, nor shall ever seeThat face of her again. Therefore be goneWithout our grace, our love, our benison.( I, i, ll 261-264 )Because of Lear&8217s high position in society, he is supposed to be able to distinguish the good from the bad unfortunately, his lack of sight prevented him to do so. Lear&8217s first act of blindness is his foolish need of displayed affection by his daughters. First, he was easily deceived by his two eldest daughter&8217s lies, then he was unable to see the reality of Cordelia&8217s true love for him, and as a result, banished her from his kingdom. Lear... ...red in brambles and other weeds, now he has been dressed to the nines(p) in new clothing. Also, he has awakened with no recollection of how he arrived at where he is now, but he does remember the lessons he has learned. Do not trust the gilded serpents Regan and Goneril, and give your excess to thy fellow man so that he does not have to live in poverty and despair. Unfortuna tely Lear and Gloucester&8217s lesson was hard earned, and paid for with blood, including their own.From foolishness to suffering and to learning through there mistakes, both Lear and Gloucester have taken a trip around the Wheel of Fortune. Lear&8217s downfall was a result of his failure to understand that appearance doesnot always represent reality. Gloucester avoided a similar demise by learning the race between appearance and reality. It is amazing that only through great hardships, such as Gloucester having his eyes plucked out, could he and Lear receive true insight. Unfortunately, Gloucester&8217s blindness cost him his eyes and a natural relationship with his son. Lear&8217s blindness ended up costing Cordelia her life and consequently the life of himself.

Racism on Long Island

Andrea Colletti 2/2/13 Dr. Cecelia Steger Eng W 001 MA1 Quite often, incoming freshmen do not urinate that doing well in college requires much more work than they thought. I, Andrea Colletti, feel that I bring excellent skills that will help me succeed at Nassau fellowship College. I have all over ten years work experience at my current conjunction, Travel Impressions. Over the past ten years I have gained great customer service skills, geography product knowledge, hotel operations, marketing, and sales expertise. As a mature 29 year old full epoch employee, I will most definitely take college seriously.If you ask anyone who knows me, they will say that I am one of the most honest and dedicated manyone they know. I have longed to attend college for such a long time, but I kept pushing it to the side due to my busy work schedule. I am at the point in my life where I feel that I am ready to attend college, and ready to attain my refinements. Although I am very lucky to have fou nd my career, there will always be promotional opportunities in which I will need a degree. My company had an excellent job posting that I was very interested in, and I was well qualified for.Unfortunately the posting required a Bachelors degree which stopped me from applying. I know that by getting my degree, I will succeed and grow further in my career as an Iberostar Accoun Manager. In my current position, I incubate the sales, product and marketing for Iberostar Hotels & Resorts which are located throughout Mexico, Caribbean, and Brazil. I am so proud of myself for attending college and succeeding my goals. I grimace forward to a bright future with all of my knowledge that I will gain at Nassau Community College. When I attended high school at Kellenberg Memorial, I did not take it seriously.My high school was very strict and did not give students the opportunity to act as individuals. I was so hoo-hah that I had to wear a hideous uniform while my friends that attended public school got to wear beautiful trendy clothing. I was not certain what I wanted to do when I grew up, and had no life goals. I am sure this is how most high school graduates feel at some point. During the eleven years at my company, I matured and gained a new respect for learning new things. I love to keep my mind stirred and travel the world. I live by the motto Travel is lifes most rich gift. I enjoy traveling all over the Caribbean and Mexico, and thanks to my job I have had the opportunity to see many beautiful places. I enjoy learning about other cultures. I look forward to coming to class each day because I leave with gained knowledge. There is nothing more rich then the gift of knowledge. My future goal is to graduate Nassau Community with my Associates Degree in Business Marketing, and complete my Bachelors Degree in Business at Farmingdale State University. Ive learned that you butt reach any goal in life as long as you stick to it and do not give up.

Conclusion To Financial Statement

ConclusionThis Project has been very useful to me because I learned how to prep are cash geological period statements and dimension analysis. This has improved my retireledge on financial statements which is very useful in business and commerce ever day. The work I did in this exteriorise has helped me to empathise the techniques, applications and usefulness of financial statements to understand the surgery of a particular company or enterprise with give away much difficulty and also understand how to prink them in prox. I came to the following conclusion date preparing this project.Purposes of Financial analysisassessment The Earning Capacity On the basis of the financial analysis, the earning capacitance of the business precaution may be computed. In do-gooder to this, the future earning capacity of the concern may also be forecasted. All the external users of accounts, specially the investors and potential investors are interested in this.Judging The managerial Effic iencyThe financial statement analysis helps to pinpoint the areas where in the managers have shown better power and the areas of inefficiency. For example, using financial ratios, it is possible to analyze relative proportion of production, administrative and marketing expenses. Any favorable or unfavorable variations can be identified and reasons thereof can be ascertained to pinpoint managerial efficiency and deficiency Judging The Short-term & Long-term Efficiency Of The Enterprise On the basis of financial analysis, long-term as well up as short-term solvency of the concern may be judged. Creditors or suppliers are interested to know the short-term solvency/liquidity of the concern i.e. susceptibility to meet short-term liabilities. Debenture holders and lenders judge the ability of the company to fall in the principal amount and interest on the basis of financial analysisInter-Firm ComparisonInter- upstanding compare becomes easy with the help of financial analysis. Ithelp s in assessing own performance as well as that of others, if merges and acquisitions are to be considered. Making Forecasts & Preparing BudgetsPast financial statement analysis helps a great deal in assessing developments in the future, oddly the next year. For example, presumptuousness a certain investment, it may be possible to forecast the next years profit on the basis of earning capacity shown in the past. Analysis thus helps in preparing the budgets.UnderstandableFinancial analysis helps the users of the financial statements to understand the complicated matter in simplified manner. Different date can be made much than attractive by charts and diagrams which can be easily understoodUses of Financial StatementSecurity AnalysisIt is a process by which the investor comes to know whether the firm is fulfilling hi prevision with find to payment of dividend, capital appreciation and security of money. Such analysis is done by a security analyst who is interested in cash-genera ting ability, dividend payout indemnity and the fashion of divide pricesCredit AnalysisSuch analysis is useful when a firm offers credit to a new customer or a dealer. The manager of the firm would equivalent to know whether to extend credit to them or not. Such analysis is also useful for a bank before granting loan to the public.Debt AnalysisSuch analysis is done by the firm to know the borrowing capacity of a prospective borrower.Dividend DecisionFinancial analysis helps the firm in deciding nigh the rate of dividend. Management would have to steady down about how much portion of earnings to distribute and how much to retain. Such decisions indicate the profitability of the firm and hence to some extent affect the way of share pricesGeneral Business AnalysisFinancial analysis can be used to identify the profit drivers and businessrisks in order to assess the profit potential of the firm. It helps in the future growth scenarios of the firm Limitations Of Financial Statement Historical AnalysisFinancial statement analysis is a historical analysis. It analysis what has happened till date. It does not reflect the future. Person like shareholders, investors, etc are more interested in knowing the likely position in the future.Ignore Price Level ChangesPrice level changes and purchasing power of money are mutually related. A change in the price level makes analysis of financial statements of different write up years invalid because accounting records ignore change in the grade of moneyQualitative Aspects IgnoredSince the financial statements are confined to the monetary matters alone, the qualitative aspects like the quality of management, quality of labor force, public relations are ignored while carrying out the analysis of financial statementNot Free From BiasIn many situations, the accountant has to make a choice out of alternative available, e.g. choice in the method of origin rating or choice in the method of depreciation. Since the subjectively is inherent in personal judgment, the financial statements are, therefore, not free from biasVariation In Account PracticesFor inter-firm comparison, it is undeniable that accounting practices followed by the firms dont vary significantly. As there may be variations inaccounting practices followed by different firms, a pregnant comparison of their financial statements is not possibleConclusion To Financial StatementThis Project has been very useful to me because I learned how to prepare cash flow statements and ratio analysis. This has improved my knowledge on financial statements which is very useful in business and commerce ever day. The work I did in this project has helped me to understand the techniques, applications and usefulness of financial statements to understand the performance of a particular company or enterprise without much difficulty and also understand how to prepare them in future. I came to the following conclusion while preparing this project.Purposes of Finan cial AnalysisJudging The Earning CapacityOn the basis of the financial analysis, the earning capacity of the business concern may be computed. In addition to this, the future earning capacity of the concern may also be forecasted. All the external users of accounts, specially the investors and potential investors are interested in this.Judging The Managerial EfficiencyThe financial statement analysis helps to pinpoint the areas where in the managers have shown better efficiency and the areas of inefficiency. For example, using financial ratios, it is possible to analyze relative proportion of production, administrative and marketing expenses.Any favorable or unfavorable variations can be identified and reasons thereof can be ascertained to pinpoint managerial efficiency and deficiency Judging The Short-term & Long-term Efficiency Of The Enterprise On the basis of financial analysis, long-term as well as short-term solvency of the concern may be judged.Creditors or suppliers are inte rested to know the short-term solvency/liquidity of the concern i.e. ability to meet short-term liabilities. Debenture holders and lenders judge the ability of the company to pay the principal amount and interest on the basis of financial analysisInter-Firm ComparisonInter-firm comparison becomes easy with the help of financial analysis. It helps in assessing own performance as well as that of others, if merges and acquisitions are to be considered. Making Forecasts & Preparing BudgetsPast financial statement analysis helps a great deal in assessing developments in the future, especially the next year. For example, given a certain investment, it may be possible to forecast the next years profit on the basis of earning capacity shown in the past. Analysis thus helps in preparing the budgets.UnderstandableFinancial analysis helps the users of the financial statements to understand the complicated matter in simplified manner. Different date can be made more attractive by charts and dia grams which can be easily understood Uses of Financial StatementSecurity AnalysisIt is a process by which the investor comes to know whether the firm is fulfilling hi expectation with regard to payment of dividend, capital appreciation and security of money. Such analysis is done by a security analyst who is interested in cash-generating ability, dividend payout policy and the behavior of share pricesCredit AnalysisSuch analysis is useful when a firm offers credit to a new customer or a dealer. The manager of the firm would like to know whether to extend credit to them or not. Such analysis is also useful for a bank before granting loan to the public.Debt AnalysisSuch analysis is done by the firm to know the borrowing capacity of a prospective borrower.Dividend DecisionFinancial analysis helps the firm in deciding about the rate of dividend. Management would have to decide about how much portion of earnings to distribute and how much to retain. Such decisions indicate the profitabil ity of the firm and hence to some extent affect the behavior of share pricesGeneral Business AnalysisFinancial analysis can be used to identify the profit drivers and business risks in order to assess the profit potential of the firm. It helps in the future growth scenarios of the firm Limitations Of Financial StatementHistorical AnalysisFinancial statement analysis is a historical analysis. It analysis what has happened till date. It does not reflect the future. Person like shareholders, investors, etc are more interested in knowing the likely position in the future.Ignore Price Level ChangesPrice level changes and purchasing power of money are inversely related. A change in the price level makes analysis of financial statements of different accounting years invalid because accounting records ignore change in the value of moneyQualitative Aspects IgnoredSince the financial statements are confined to the monetary matters alone, the qualitative aspects like the quality of management, quality of labor force, public relations are ignored while carrying out the analysis of financial statementNot Free From BiasIn many situations, the accountant has to make a choice out of alternative available, e.g. choice in the method of inventory valuation or choice in the method of depreciation. Since the subjectively is inherent in personal judgment, the financial statements are, therefore, not free from biasVariation In Account PracticesFor inter-firm comparison, it is necessary that accounting practices followed by the firms dont vary significantly. As there may be variations inaccounting practices followed by different firms, a meaningful comparison of their financial statements is not possible

English Literature-Gullivers Travels, Jonathan Swift

Gullivers Travels- Jonathan nimble * By P. Baburaj, Senior Lecturer, Dept. of incline, Sherubtse college, Bhutan Author of Language and writing, DSB Publication Thimphu Communicative side of meat, P. K. Books, Calicut A perception on Literary Criticism, P. K. Books, Calicut The eighteenth coke was an age of satire.Dryden and pope immortalized themselves by their verse while Jonathan agile was undoubtedly the greatest British satirist in prose. The policy-making and apparitional contr everywheresies of the eon were conducive to the promotion of satire in an age of urbanity and refinement which non only tolerated solely delighted in satire, provided, it was humorous and witty it has been remarked that satire is the fine ruse of c whollying names. In Rome Horace and Juvenal used satire for the purpose of ridiculing piece affectations, follies and vices with a look out of reforming society.But when the satire is too general it stands in danger of dropping wide of its target a nd when it is directed against individuals it is likely to be debased in to personal lampoons. agile wrote personal satires provided his attacks were generally directed against common abuses and his main(prenominal) purpose was to reform society. Jonathan fast was born of English pargonnts in Dublin in 1667. He was a distant cousin of Dryden who happened to incur the lasting exasperation of Swift by his remarks cousin Swift you will never be a poet.Distantly related to Sir William Temple, a retired politician and an elegant writer of the period Swift came to London and stayed with his wealthy relation as a poor dependent and confidential secretary. He graduated from Trinity College Dublin and was tumesce read in the cl toiletics. Later he studied theology and was ordained priest . one of his squibs on religion offended Queen Anne and he was baulked of his promotion in the perform but after her death he rose to be the Dean of St. Patricks in Dublin to fightds the close of the century.Temple happened to dabble in literature. The controversy regarding the relational merits of the ancient and modern authors roused to a greater extent heat than light for some time in France and Temple made some references to it in one of his essays. Virulent attacks and proceeds attacks appe ared in the press. It was a veritable storm in a tea cup. Swift was neither concerned with the controversy nor qualified to take an effective cave in in it. Nevertheless he entered in to the fray with all the weapon in his arrows satire, humour, irony, sarcasm, ridicule and invective.In his the battle of the platters he supported Temple and ridiculed his opponents. In the historied allegory of the bee and spider, he praised the ancients as furnishing honey and wax, sweetness and light, and ridiculed the moderns as weaving flimsy webs, like the spider , with the poisonous stuff that flowered from themselves. In the tale of a tub, lively set extinct to ridicule the extremist in Cath olicism and the fanatical dissenters and to advocate the middle course as re depict by the Anglican church.For this purpose he invented an allegorical fable of trinity brformer(a)s who inherited a coat of a piece from their father with strict instruction manual regarding its use. The coat, of course, is the Christian theology. The three brothers Peter, Martin and Jack symbolise respectively Roman Catholicism, the Anglican Church and the dissenters. It is a master piece of satire, but the ultimate result of agiles satire was to bring all religion in to contempt, though that was not his real aim. Swifts irony can best illustrated by his short pamphlet entitled a modest proposal.He was roused to righteous indignation at the ruthless exploitation of the Irish peasantry by their absentee reducelords in Eng shoot. But swift opens his proposal with a quietly deceptive tone of seriousness. He puts forth his modest proposal for the economic uplift of the poor Irish peasants e precise char of child-bearing age is to produce as many children as possible and bring them to the market when they are one year old Page 1 children elderly one year are most delicious according to the best authorities and so they would be in great demand at an English noble mans table.It is not difficult to peck the righteous indignation beneath the apparently cold-blooded argument, the irony is devastation. Swift is the author of the pamphlets, political, religious and literary in which he sought the reform of the society of its abuses and affections. But his magnum opus is Gullivers travels (1726). It is at once childrens classics as well as a serious treatise in which satiric pours corrosive ridicules of he on what Swift considers to be the abuse of his age. As childrens classic it can be read as a marvelous adventure in wonderland. With an abundance of circumstantial details. e are told how a certain Gulliver happened to make several voyages into fantastic undiscovered countries. Sw ift makes certain preposterous assumptions but once the initial premise is granted what follows conforms it with mathematical precision. in his first voyage, A voyage to Lilliput Gulliver was driven. furthermost away from his course he was cast ashore on an island called Lilliput, where the inhabitants were about six inches tall and all the environment of animate and inanimate conformed exactly to those human dimensions. They were equipped with bows and arrows in which they were adepts.It was mathematically calculated that Gulliver would require food which 1728 Lilliputians would consume. The king was a patron of learning, he was handsome and majestic. Gulliver was tradefully searched and dispossessed of his pistols and ammunitions. The courtier unspoilt tight rope walking and official preferment went to those who excelled in this exercise. The most accomplished of them was the filmnap, the treasurer. (the king supposed to stand for the George l and filmnap, the Whig prime minist er Robert Walpole). The Lilliputians were engaged in war with the neighboring state of matter, Belfuscu.It was easy for the Lilliputians to win with the help of their gigantically, but as soon as they accomplished they turn against him in ingratitude. Filmnap continued to be his mind enemy. Gulliver knew that he ws likely to be unjustly accused of high t agent and therefore he secretly grossed over to Belfuscu and escaped from eminent danger. He returned radix and stayed with his wife and family for two months. A Voyage to Brobdingnag. He was again possessed of an insatiable desire to go on another voyage. This time he was strangulate for India. This second voyage proved to be equally eventful and strange.All alone he happened to be cast ashore on a strange land where corn was at least forty feet high and the first person he saw appeared as tall as an ordinary spire steeple. He was farmers servant who first looked at Gulliver as a curious creature and took him to his master. Thi s country was Brobdingnag, where the people were sixty feet in height. The skin of these giants was terribly hard and ugly, freckled and covered all over with wrat and moles and rough hair. When one of the draws was suckling the child entrusted to her Guilllver saw her revoltingly big breasts, which cold not be less than ixteen feet in circumference. The nipple was about half of my head and the hue both of that and dug so verified with spots, pimples and freckles that nothing could appear more queasy . Many times he was in the danger of being killed by gigantic creatures of Brobdingnag but luckily for him he had nine year old nurse ,the farmers daughter called Glumdalclitch, who took care of him and protected him from dangers. In his greed the farmer exhibited Gulliver in market places and finally brought to Metropolis where the king and the pantywaist took a fancy to him and took him under their special protection.But Gullivers kind nurse was asked to stay in the palace to take care of him. Though the Brobdingnag were physically gross and horrid(a) they were kind and levelheaded. The king observed how contemptible a thing was human grandeur which could be mimicked by such diminutive insects like I. the queens maids of honour always invited Glumdalclitch to visit them in their room with Gulliver whom they thought to be as sort of pet. They would often strip me naked from top to toenail and lay me in their bosoms, where I was disgusted because.. very offensive smell came from their skins. Gulliver had the most dangerous experience of his conduct when a monkey took him in his bridge player and fliited from one building to another with Gulliver dangling from his paw. From that day onwards Glumdiltich took greater care of Gulliver. Page 2 A Voyage to Brobdingnag The king used to ask of the political and religious conditions of the Europe. Gulliver ironically expatiated upon the wonderful parliamentary system and elections in European nations, their stand ing armies and their institutions.Far from admiring these, the Brobdingnagian king was astonished, and he protested that it was only a autobus of conspiracies rebellions massacres, revolutions and banishments. The very worst effects that avarice, factions, hypocrisy, cruelty, rage, madness, hatred, envy, lust, malice and ambition could produce. Finally the king concluded with the most ferocious attack on the state of affair in contemporary Europe, I cannot but conclude the mass of your natives to be most pernicious race of little odious vermin that ever suffered to crawl upon the turn up of the earth. Further Gulliver informed the king about the invention and use of gun powder which could destroy whole batteries of an army. The kings ingenious remark was sure enough an echo of Swifts sustain opinion he gave it for his opinion that whoever could make two ears of corn or two blades of grass to grow upon a spot of ground where only one grew before would deserve better of mankind, and more essential service to his country than the whole race of politicians put together.Gulliver speaks with approval of Brobdingnagians learning which consist only immortality, history, poetry, maths to write a command upon any law is a capital abhorrence their style is clear, masculine and smooth, but not florid. This is Gullivers and (Swifts) criticism of European civilization in his own age. When he returned home at first Gulliver had a good deal of difficulty in adjusting to himself to his wife and friends he felt that they were all pygmies and he a giant he felt for some time that he had lost his wife.A Voyage to Laputa Gullivers third voyage was to East Indies he rounded the Cape of Good Hope and reached fort St. George, Madras where he stayed for three weeks. He resumed his journey but was captured by pirates and left alone in a crowd of islands called Laputa. Here the important persons were so much absorbed in speculation, scientific and political that they had to hav e flappers who brought them back to their sense by flapping their ears and mouths. An opaque flying island often hovered over the islands when they were cut off from the suns light.Here Gulliver visited several islands and in the grand academy situated in Lagado he found people engrossed in various projects. One was try to ask out sun beams from cucumber another was working trying on an operation to reduce human excrement to its original food. Yet another was trying to calcine ice into gun powder and so on. Most of them begged Gulliver for monetary assistance, in one of these islands there were magicians and conjurers in another there were a group of people called Struldburgs, people who would not die was a curse rather than a blessing.Afterwards Gulliver sailed towards Japan and from there returned to England. Voyage to Houyhnhnms Gullivers ordinal voyage took him to the land of the Houyhnhnms( pronounced as hou-inem), a strange species of rational horses. By a curious accident he landed on Houyhnhnm land, where the first object he saw was a physically repulsive creature. Gulliver was disgusted for upon the whole I never beheld in all my travels so disagreeable an animal, or one against which I naturally conceived so strong an antipathy. And yet he could recognize in him a man like himself.The horses were the master of these debased human creatures called Yahoos. Gulliver was amazed to see the most urbane conduct in the Horses (though they were beasts) and the most bestial behavior among the human-looking Yahoos. These Horses were endowed with a fine degree of reason their behavior was so natty and rational, so acute and judicious that Gulliver at last concluded that they mustiness needs be magicians who had thus Page 3 metamorphosed themselves. In a few months Gulliver was able to communicate in the language of the Honyhuhums.Curiously enough their language did not have words to express lies and other similar concepts they were dignified and handsome, a nd their strength and urge were marvelous. On some occasions Gulliver discussed to the King that in Europe, human beings ingenious the horses and rode on their back and naturally roused great indignation in the king. When he went on to describe the fierce wars in Europe the king of Honyhuhums was greatly amazed at the perversion of human reason, but he consoled himself with the thought that these petty creatures could not do much mischief even if they wanted to.His amazement grew when he was told how many people in Europe were ruined by law and all advocates without exception were so accustomed to lying that they would never take up a true case. Gulliver further informed the king how in his own country a man rose to power with prudence to dispose of a wife, a daughter or a sister by betraying a predecessor or by pretending to a furious zeal in public assemblies against the corruptions of the court. The chief ministers palace was a seminary to breed others in his own trade, and th ey excelled in insolence, lying and bribery.The yahoo in Houyhuhums land has to lick his masters feet and posteriors and drive the female yahoos to his kennel, for which he was now and then rewarded with a piece of asss flesh The houyhuhums were endowed by nature with a genial disposition to all virtuestheir grand maxim is to cultivate reason. Their convictions were never discolored by passion and self-interest. A universal friendship and benevolence governed all their conduct, but they had no fond nesses or pets. They practiced a control of their state by restricting the progeny of each couple to one male and one female colt.It was again, reason and not passion, which governed propagation. The four lessons of their education were Temperature industry, Exercise and Cleanliness. They trained up their youth to strength, speed and hardness. On the whole Houyhuhums maintained a high degree of decency and dignity. If they were not able to rise to great glories of the spirit, they were also unable(predicate) of descending into the depths of bestiality. Some of the Houyhuhums were afraid that because Gulliver possessed some rudiments of reasons he might try to seduce the yahoos of the land so it was decided that he must be expelled from the country.So he had a vessel constructed and he resumed his voyage. He fell into the hands of very cruel people but eventually a very kind-hearted Portuguese captain took him and put him safely on the shore of Byland, where he soon joined his wife and children. But he shuddered at the sight of them as they resembled the disgusting yahoos. As soon as I entered my house. Gulliver tells us, my wife took me in her arms and kissed me at which, having not been used to the touch of the odious animal for so many years. I fell in a swoon for almost an hour. During the first year (of my return) I could not endure my wife or children in my presence.The very smell of them was intolerable much less could I suffer them to eat in the room. S o great was his admiration for Houyhuhumn that for some time he used to walk like a horse and neigh like a horse. The tragic denunciation of man is rounded off with comic laughter. The curb concludes with an assertion that a travelers chief aim should be to make men wise and better, and to improve their minds by the bad as well as the good example of what they deliver concerning foreign places. And Swift seems to feel that the most intolerable vice among the yahoo kind is pride.In one of his letter to Alxander Pope, Swift explained his aim in writing Gulliver Travels the chief end I propose to myself in all my labours is to vex the world rather than divert it. Nevertheless the book has been infinitely diverting and has established itself as a childrens classic. it is a universal favorite not because it is sought to vex the readers into a realization of their individual and social follies and vices, but because the scene conceived a series of diverting situations and episodes and described them with plenty of imaginative and humorous details.In the first voyage, the diminutive Lilliputians, providing themselves on their destructive arms mere bows and arrows and their stratagems of war are ridiculous. And Gulliver could easily capture dozens of the enemy ships disregardful of the arrows which hit him. Page 4 The factions between the Big Enders and the Little_Enders been the High_heels and Low_heels, are ludicrous in the extreme. In the land of the Brobdingnagians the gigantic creatures as tall as church_steeples are equally amusing, particularly to children.The account of Gullivers fall through and through the fingers of one of the two men and his miraculous escape from death by being stuck up on the pin of her stomacher, his adventure with the monstrous monkey, which took him all over the house-tops and tree-tops with the prospect of imminent death for Gulliver, the diversion of one of the maids of honour who stretched Gulliver on her breast, and a dozen sim ilar episodes cannot fail to fascinate the reader. It is to be rentted that the third voyage, a voyage to Laputa is not half as successful as the one before it or the one that comes after it.It is episodic and confused. But the scientific and political projects such as trying to extract sun beams out of cucumbers, food out of human excreta, and gun powder out of ice are travesties of what Swift considers to the unprofitable research-projects in his own time. The tempo rises once again when we follow Gulliver through his last voyage. This time into the land of the rational Honyhuhmns. Apart from its satiric purpose, the fourth book describes with humor and imagination the debased mankind and the rational noble Horses, who was Gullivers unbounded admiration for them.Since his return to England Gulliver found it difficult to adapt himself to his own species he was repulsed, by his wifes embraces and kisses he walked like a horse and neighed like a horse he built his tent in the stable s and chose horses rather than human as his companions. Swifts satire is directed as much against the Yahoos and the Honyhuhmns as against Gulliver himself. Certainly we shall be committing a gross mistake if we, like the 19th century critics of Swift, identify Gulliver with Swift himself, though it is true that in general places the identification is unmistakable.If we could ignore for the moment the political and moral allegory of Gullivers travel we can enjoy it as a fascinating narrative of adventures in which the imaginative frame work is surprisingly filled with apparently realistic details. It is at once an imitation and a parody of the travellers accounts and imaginary utopias which enchanted the Elizabethans and their successors. But Gullivers Travels is much more than a childrens classic. It is a merciless satire on the political and moral conditions of Europe in eneral and of England in particular. Swift intended to vex his contemporary into a realization of their pettine ss and pride, their avarice and manners, the enormity of their follies and vices, the degradation of their institution and their needless wars of destruction. Swift did not care to point out human follies and vices with gentle humor as did Addison and Steele on the other hand his righteous indignation burnt fiercely in him, he fretted and fumed at the mouth he quashed his teeth and poured out satire and sarcasm and invective.So fierce was the onslaught and so great the disgust that he has often been branded as a misanthrope and a cynic, but as we have already seen his Modest proposal should put us on our guard. In one of his letters to his friends, Alexander Pope, he said, I hate and detest that animal called man, although I heartily love John, Peter Thomas and so forth. In the first book, the political satire is transparently clear. After his disillusionment with the Whigs, Swift went over to the Torries. Ever since he stood firm as a ultraconservative and an ardent member of the Anglican church.He was indignant at the undeserved fall and exile of oxford and Bolingbroke (with whom Gulliver often identifies himself). The Lilliputians are the English the Blefuscudians are the French, who were often at war with each other. Bolingbroke and saved England can Gulliver had saved the Lilliputians, but ingratitude and treachery drove the benefactor out of the country. The sexual promiscuity, the political machinations and the pettiness (as represented by their size) and pride of the Lilliputians are a satire on contemporary English society. Lilliput is sometimes utopia sometimes 18th century England made utterly contemptible by the small size of the people who exhibit the same vices and follies as the English. The account of Lilliputians politics with the quarrel between the high- heels and the low-heels and between the big-enders and the little-enders, is clearly a parody of English politics, on the other hand, this chapter on Lilliputian law and education is almos t wholly utopian (David Daichas). Page 5 In the second book, the satire is more complex.If in the first book, Swift satirized the pettiness of man and disproportionate pride and sense of importance, here Swift applies the magnifying glass to mans disgustingly bloated vices, his repulsive physical features and bodily odour. Even the fairest of the female Brobdingnagians had disgustingly big blotches, pimples and freckles all over their skin and the offensive smell which emanated from their body indicated that man had no reason to be proud. But, the satire here is two edged.When Gulliver expatiated upon the conditions of Europe in ironic admiration of its institutions and its warfare. The virtuous king of Brobdingnag was moved to exclaim-I cannot but conclude the bulk of your natives to be the most pernicious race of little odious vermin that nature ever suffered to crawl upon the surface of the earth for their history revealed. Nothing but a heap of conspiracies, rebellions, murders, massacres, revolutions, banishments, the very affects that avarice fraction, hypocrisy, perfidiousness, cruelty, rage, madness, hatred, envy, just, malice and ambition could produce. It is to be admitted that this type of general satire the intended affect because everyone lays the blame at the approach of others and never applies it to himself The voyage of Laputa satirises Englands tyranny over Ireland . It is easy to see in the flying island the oppressive role of England on the life of Ireland. Lindalino is anagram of Dublin. Swift ridicules the activities of the scientific experiments under taken by the Royal Society. Which is represented here by the academy of projectors in Lagado?Swift was concerned only with the ethics of life and the experiments in science and politics appeared to him as needless waste of time in the innumerable cells of the academy, one has been working at the ridiculous project of extracting sunbeams out of cucumbers another has been encaged for long in the project of turning human excrement in to human food and yet another has been trying to convert it in to gun powder here at any rate swift satire mysteries, for if science had been discouraged by this sardonic attack on them the present marvels of scientific discovery would have been impossible.The last voyageto houyhnhnm land take us into deeper waters. Critics of swift in the 18th and 19th centuries were misled into thinking that here swift was extolling the sensible animals and branding human beings irredeemably vicious and intolerably disgusting like the yahoos. it is true that swift scorn of debased man is terrible but Gulliver is not swift the ardent Anglican dean could not have held up to our unqualified admiration the houyhnhnms who were of course rational, decent, benevolent and friendly. They limited their families to two colts- one male and the other female.They imparted instruction to their youth intemperance, industry exercise and cleanliness. The praise of these an imals is intended to show how very debased man can be when he perverts his reason and yields to his passions but if the houyhnhnms escape the depths of human depravity, they also miss the glory of the human life, certainly the modern view that swift is not to be identified with Gulliver does not admit of further dispute. 3. Swift is often accused of being a pessimist, a cynical gloomy misanthrope, a seventeenth century Timon of Athens.At any rate this was the view of swift which 18 th and 19th century critics of swift had consistently maintained This view has been stoutly challenged by modern critics who have examined the book from a variety of angles. In the first two books of Gullivers travels in Gulliver s voyage to Lilliput and Brobdingnag, there is obvious gentility though the narrator shows his disgust at the pettiness and the squabbles of the pygmies and the grossness of the Brobdingnaginas physical features.In Brodingnaginas, the nine year old Glumdaiclits is full of tender solicitude for his safety, and is almost in tears at her fathers greed in intending to amass money buy exhibiting Gulliver at the market place. The educational system of the Lilliputians and the Brodingnaginas view of life are almost utopian. The wake up of pessimism and misanthropy cannot be sustained on the basis of these two voyages. In the third book the voyage to Laputta swift seems to ridicule with unspairing the severity the scientific experiments and philosophical speculations of his time, but ridicule is not misanthropy.The charge then is made mainly on the four book. The Yahoos are undoubted caricature of human beings they lick the feet of the horse and are happy when some piece of asss flesh is thrown to them. The human kind seems Page 6 to be infinitely debased when contrasted with the Horses, which, by comparison, are governed by reason. There seems to be no redeeming quality in the Yahoos and the nineteenth century critics had no hesitation to brand the satirist as a misanthrope who hated man, a pessimist who saw in him not one redeeming virtue.The voyage to the Houyhnhnms was even considered more or less symptomatic of mental disease. But Gulliver was saved by a Portuguese captain, who showed him great kindness and refused to accept from him his passage money. The presence of Don Pedro is alone enough to disprove the charge of misanthropy. Besides are we justified in identifying Gulliver with swift? Gulliver himself is often the victim of comic humour, when he returns home he feels disgusted with his own wife and family, he erects his residence in stables, and neighs like a horse.He is here the victim of the comic muse rather than the serious reformer of society. In this book, the Anglican clergyman appears as a sermonizer who believes in original sin and ridicules the eighteenth century clad about the perfectibility of man. Louis A. Landa has substantiated the view that Swifts pessimism is quite consonant with the pessimism at the heart of Ch ristianity. She has quoted in support of this view several passages from contemporary sermons. in my opinion, says another modern critic, the work is that of a Christian humanist and a moralist who no more blasphemes against the dignity of human nature than do St. Paul and some of the angrier prophets of the Old Testament. It has been truly observed that his savage indictment of man arises from philanthropy, not misanthropy, from idealism on what man might be, not from despair at what he is. By P. Baburaj, Senior Lecturer, Dept. of English, Sherubtse college, Bhutan Page 7

Comparing of mice and men with the withered arm Essay

IntroductionOf mice and men is a novel pen in a ground in the States du frame the depression. It was written by John Steinbeck and set on a cattle ranch in Soledad, a teeny-weeny rural area in California. This eye-opening tale is based on two contrasting men, George, a small, in regulariseigent yet modest man and Lenny, as big as a bull and as sanitary as an ox, plainly seemingly men rangyy challenged, who travelled around with each some other(a) working as ranch pass to earn enough money to eventidetually own their own piece of local area networkd and succeed in living the Ameri stooge aspiration.The withered arm is a short story written by the leg block upary author John Steinbeck. It is set is Wessex (the s unwraph west of England) and is based around foursome main characters Rhoda yield, a milkmaid on a dairy, her son, granger Lodge, the owner of the dairy and aim to Rhoda Brooks child and Gertrude Lodge, the young wife of Farmer Lodge. All of these characters feel set-a case due to their neighborly location yet between them there is an unfortunate set of events involving witchcraft, superstition and deathAb fall out the authors-John SteinbeckJohn Steinbeck grew up in California in the early 1900s. in that location he attended school, university and worked on a ranch. This is where he got the inspiration for the short novel Of mice and men. Working a ranch hand he maxim up close and personally the kind of events he speaks of in his book, which is wherefore he is capable of bringing the characters he uses to life. He wrote such other stories as the pearl, the red pony and the moon is downThomas courageousThomas Hardy was brought in Dorset in the mid 1800s. He lived with family in a small cottage and kindred most children of his generation worked manually from a in truth(prenominal) young. The inspiration for his short stories and novels came from his grandmothers tales. He would sit in bird-scarer of the fire in his home and listen t o the old wives tales she would tell him. The withered arm is one such memory he has shared with us in his exceptional writings. When Hardy was old enough he moved to Lon hold out where he lived with electricity, telephoned and other luxuries he had neer experienced as a child. Although he came to know London, the lifestyle and the tribe very well, it was in the past he knew about only from old stories that he chose to base his exceptional talesShow how efficaciously these stories reflect the times they were set in. Examine character settings and social conditionThere are several themes to include in this essay, retirement, envisages, and the role of women. These are upright a few of many I will discussDreams are an important factor in both stories and I will explain why First of all what is a intake according to the Readers Digest Great Encyclopaedic Dictionary, Third Edition a dreams are a Train of thoughts, images, or fancies passing through mind during sleep Conscious bo llocksnce of fancy, reverie, thing of dream- akin beauty, charm, goodness, etc.As it is described above, a dream is approximatelything you indulge in, to escape momentarily from life. This seems to be the context that John Steinbeck intended his characters in Of Mice and manpower to dream in. The role of dreams in of mice and men is incredibly important. After the surround Street crash hundreds of men became unemployed and had to travel around working as ranch hands for a bit of cash. And most of these people had what is know as the great American dream, to own their own bit of land where they can live work and be high of, something they could call their own. These ranch hands or bindle stiffs as they became known had nonhing apart from what they could carry in their bindle. All their earthly possessions were kept wrapped in a piece of textile and had to be light enough so that they could walk around with it where ever they went.George shared the great American dream and belie ved that one day he would be able to achieve it. Lenny was incredibly simple minded and forgetful, more than manage a young child. He only remembered what he wanted to remember which in his case was tending the rabbits and live with George on their own piece of land. When we are firstly introduced to George and Lennys dream it is clean up that they relieve oneself spoken of it many a time before. Lenny shows the excitement of an eager child on Christmas morning neverthe minuscular at the thought of being in the place he so presbyopiced to be. To us their dream sounds very simple nevertheless for them if it was to happen it would literally be a dream come true, this is the section from where we are first introduced to the dream approximately day were gonna get a jack together and were gonna experience a minute house and a couple of an a dismay and some pigs and-An live of the fatta the lan Lenny shouted. An have rabbits. Go on George Tell about what were gonna have in th e garden and about the rabbits in the cages and the rain in the winter and the stove, and thick cream is on the milk like you can hardly cut it. Tell about that, George.Whynt you do it yourself. You know all of it.No. . . you tell it. It aint the same if I tell it. Go on . . . George. How I get to tend the rabbits.Well, give tongue to George. Well have a big vegetable patch and a hutch and chickens. And when it rains in the winter, well just say the hell with goin to work and well build up a fire in the stove and set around it an listen to the rain comin down on the roof-NutsThe key line in that section is when Lenny says An live of the fatta the lan That sentence rounds up the great American dream, to be able to live on your own land and imagine after yourself. Lenny, with his child-like mentality, believes whatever he hears, so when George tells him that they will in authenticity get their own land, he believes with all his heart. To Lenny, the question is not if, but whenGeor ge, how longs it gonna be till we get that little place an live on the fatta the lan an rabbits? However George is rattling property Lenny sweet because he knows how difficult and unlikely fulfilling the dream would. That is why he shows so much surprise in the bunk-house when candy gets involved and eventually saysSpose I went in with you guys. Thas three hundred an fifty bucks Id put in. I aint much good, but I could cook and tend the chickens and hoe the garden some. Howd that be? George was very defensive at first but eventually adapted to the idea. The section goes on they fell into a silence. They looked at one another, amazed. This thing they had never really believed in was orgasm true. George give tongue to reverentially, Jesus Christ I bet we could swing herThe line underlined in that section is extremely important because however much George and Lenny spoke of this dream, unlike Lenny, George new the likelihood of it actually happening was extremely improbable but n ow he could see the light at the end of the tunnel. This dream had been based on a kind of fantasy, the elan a 10 year old boy fantasises of biting football for England, you eer believe about but never expect it to happen, and George shock and delight in their new found wealth to put towards this home is clear when he says reverently Jesus Christ I bet we could swing her. Candy does not seem to have a dream until he meets George and Lenny. He is swept up in the plausible reality of this dream, a dream he would probably be too scared to initiate by himself. Candy is not able with his life on the ranch, but he doesnt telephone that there is anything that he can do but now the three men really have something to aim for which is at heart reasonable sight, they are expecting a dream come trueGeorge and Lennys dream is the most potent throughout Of Mice and Men but it isnt the only one Curleys wifes dream was to be in the movies and star in a Hollywood epic as is shown when she say sNother time a met a guy, an he was in pitchers. Went out to the Riverside dance palace with him. He says he was gonna put me in the movies. Says I was a natural. Soons he got back to Hollywood he was gonna write to me about it. She looked closely at Lenny to see if she was impressing him. I never got that letter, She said. I always thought my ol lady stole it. Well I wasnt gonna stay no placeWhether or not the letter was sent she stood by her dream and wouldnt accept that she might not have made it on to the silver screen. Also molds, the coloured stable buck made a manoeuvre of his a dream, the thing he wanted above any thing else was companionship and equal rights. This is shown when he speaks to Lenny whilst the others are in township. In this conversation his jealousy of Lennys go, and of his relationship with George are quite clearly shown. This is what he saysGeorge can tell you screwy things and it dont matter. Its just the lectureing. Its just bein with another guy. Th ats all. He PauseHis voice grew soft and persuasive. Spose George dont come back no more. Spose George went into town to-night and you never heard him no more. Crooks pressed forward in some kind of private victory. Just spose that. He repeatedCrooks goes on torturing Lenny speaking about George not coming back until Lenny goes on the eat upensive and questions Crooks. When Crooks senses he could be in danger he backs off and goes on to sayMaybe you can see now. You got George. You know hes goin to come back. Spose you didnt have nobody. Spose you couldnt go in to the bunk-house and play rummy cause you was black. Howd you like that? Spose you had to sit out here an read books. Sure you could play horseshoes till it got dark, but then you got to read books. Books aint no good. A guy needs somebody-to be near him. He whined. A guy goes nuts if he aint got nobody. Dont make no difference who the guy is, longs hes with you. I tell ya, he cried. I tell ya a guy gets too lonely, an he g ets sickCrooks speaks to opens his heart to Lenny even though he said he didnt even want him there, but that last speech shows Crooks envy for what George and Lenny have and how his dream is to be around people and be soak up aside just because he Just some nigger. This envy however comes out at first in anger, which too shows the jealousy coming through for what the two friends haveIn the withered arm John Steinbeck reflects the time his novel is set in through the implication of dreams through unalike characters. George and Lenny have the great American dream which was shared by millions during the depression, Curleys wife dreams of being a movie star, and as the film industry really kicked off during the time this book is set in and crooks dream is that of the coloured man during this time in history, to have equal rights and companionshipIn the withered arm dreams are also extremely important but some are shown are shown in a completely different way to the dreams in Of Mice and Men. When talk of dreams in The Withered Arm you have to discuss the dream, which the story is based around, Rhoda Brooks dream. Rhoda was a milkmaid on an eighty cow dairy And was well known around her small community for two things, one was her affair with Farmer Lodge, the wealthy land owner, which left here with a child, and number two for the rumours spread by the villagers about her usage of unnatural powers and performing rituals etc. victimisation witchcraft.These rumours came from her involvement with a man by the build of conjurer Trendle, a wizard if you will. Now Farmer Lodge had, since his affair with Rhoda Brook, betrothed a beautiful young women named Gertrude and obviously after her marriage to Farmer Lodge became known as Gertrude Lodge. Rhoda Brook initially hated Gertrude Lodge with a purpose. She would send her son to get a look at her to gravel out whether she was pretty and kind etc. She was basically extremely jealous of Gertrudes youth and beauty and was envious of her adopting the Father of her son. In Rhoda Brooks dream she is visited by Gertrude Lodge, only not by the Gertrude Lodge that had married Farmer Lodge but by an older distorted Gertrude Lodge. This is an extract from the story describing the dreamBut the figure which had occupied her so much during this and the previous days was not to be banished at night. For the first time Gertrude Lodge visited the supplanted women in her dreams. Rhoda Brook dreamed since her assertion that she really saw, before falling asleep, was not to be believed that the young wife, in the pale silk dress and white bonnet, but with features shockingly distorted, and unironed by age, was sitting upon her chest as she lay.The pressure of Mrs. Lodges person grew heavier the blue eyes peered cruelly into her face and then the figure knife thrust forward its left hand mockingly, so as to make the wedding ring it wore glitter in Rhodas eyes. Maddened mentally, and nearly suffocated by press ure, the tie beam struggled the incubus, still regarding her, withdrew to the foot of the bed, only, however, to come forward by degrees, resume her seat, and flash her left hand as before.Gasping for breath, Rhoda, in a last desperate effort, swung out her right hand, seized the con bird-scarering spectre by its obstructive left arm, and whirled it backward towards the floor, starting up herself as she did so with a low cry O, merciful nirvana she cried, sitting on the edge of the bed in a cold sweat that was not a dream she was hereShe could feel her antagonists arm within her grasp even now the very flesh and bone of it, as it seemed.This dream shows the Rhoda Brooks hatred is pure jealousy of Gertrudes relationship with sodbuster Lodge and of her youthful looks. In the dream the way the spectre flashed the wedding ring at Rhoda showed a great deal if envy and resentment for what Gertrude has. And also how Gertrude is disfigured shows that even though Gertrude is a pretty you ng woman to everyone else, Rhoda sees her as a disfigured old hag. During the 1800s children born through single parents were looked down upon, well not so much the children as the parents, but as Farmer Lodge owned the land where most villagers lived and worked Rhoda was the one who was isolated because if it.Although the book describes Rhoda Brook as a faded woman on thirty and as a woman of well defined features with a pear-shaped frame I would imagine fro her to have a relationship with Framer Lodge she would have had too have been a beautiful, popular young woman in her late teens early twenties and because of rejection from her Childs buzz off and her community she had become less attractive and more worn, and this dream made Gertrude the older, unattractive woman. But still she had the ring on and still she had the love of Farmer Lodge.Although this dream left Rhoda brook shaken she wasnt all overly bothered about it until the day Gertrude appeared at her front door and showed her a strange mark which she had discovered on her left arm. Gertrude said she awoke with the problem two weeks ago when the clock struck two. In naming the night and the hour Rhoda Brook had her encounter it looked as if Rhodas dream was more than just a dream, after all there were rumours about her using witchcraft.Gertrude Lodges dream in The Withered Arm is similar to that of the dreams in of mice and men. She longs to be love by Farmer Lodge and when she begins look less attractive she becomes worried and will go to any length to stay beautiful. This reflects the time it was set in because a wealthy man would tend to marry beauty and when this beauty begins to lessen they would become uninterested and move on to someone new. Gertrude makes a point of this in a conversation she has with Rhoda BrookRhoda shivered. Thats fancy, she said hurriedly. I wouldnt mind it, if I were you.I shouldnt so much mind it, said the younger with hesitation, if if I hadnt a notion that it makes my husband dislike me no, love me less. Men think so much of personal appearance.Some do he for one.Yes and he was very proud of mine at first.Keep your arm covered from his sight.Ah he knows the disfigurement is there She tried to hide the tears that fled her eyes.Gertrude just wanted to feel loved and not be cast aside by her husbandThomas Hardy reflects upon the times this short story was set in, just as Steinbeck did, by using characters. The way Farmer Lodge could have women how and when he pleased or until they werent as easy on the eye and also how people used to believe in witchcraft. Hardys story could have been believed as a true story not much more than a century ago.Loneliness is an extremely important theme throughout both stories. Nearly every character is an outcast in his or her own little way, despite being part of a bigger community. In Of Mice And Men George and Lenny really stand out because they arent simply. People during the depression would work a month on a ranch, take their earnings and be on their way. As George said whilst speaking with LennyGuys like us, that work on ranches, are the loneliest guys in the worldAnd it was true. These Ranch hands or Bindle stiffs arrived alone, worked alone and left alone. But George and Lenny were different because they travelled around together. Georges conversation with Lenny continuedThey got no family. They dont belong no place. They come to a ranch an work up a stake an then go inta town an blow their stake, and the first thing you know theyre pounding their tale on some other ranch. They got nothing to look ahead toLenny was delighted. Thats it thats it. Now tell how it is with us.George went on. With us it aint like that. We got a future. We got somebody to talk to that gives a damn about us. We dont have to sit in no bar-room blowin in out jack jus because we got no place else to go. If them other guys gets in jail they can rot for all anybody gives a damn. But not us.Lenny brok e in. but not us An why? Because I got you to look after me, and you got me to look after you, and thats why.I have underlined We got somebody to talk to because that is an extremely important line. Crooks says to Lenny when talking about loneliness A guy goes nuts if he aint got nobody. But George and Lenny are friends and have each other, and although Lenny can be a Burden on George he is glad they are together. They have a kind of cause and son relationship, with George the laminitis and Lenny being the son. George knows that Lenny isnt too bright, he thinks like a child, so the only way George can keep him form doin bad things is by keeping him in check the way a father would. There are many examples of this. The first one is when the two men have just break loose from weed and Lenny is drinking the dirty water. George saysLenny Lenny for gods sake dont drink so much. Lenny continued to snort into the pool. The small man leaned over and shook him by the shoulder. Lenny. You g onna be sick like you was last night.George speaks to Lenny firmly like this so he knows he doing something wrong the way a father would but he also does other things similar to a father for example praising him so he knows hes done something right, like when George tells him not to speak when they get to the ranch. Lenny remembers this so George saysGood boy. Thats swell. You say that over two, three more times so you wont forget it.He also brags about Lenny to other people such as when he first speaks to slim about working slim asks if George and Lenny have ever bucked barleycorn and George repliesHell, Yes. I aint nothing to scream about, but that big bastard there can put up more grain alone than most pairs canGeorge feels he has to show Lenny off to new people the way a parent would with their childSome people were suspicious of George and Lenny because they never saw people travelling around together. One person was the boss at the ranch. He grilled George because he thought t hat George was stealing Lennys pay. This is part of their conversationI said what stake you got in this guy? You takin his pay away from himNo, course I aint. Why ya think Im selling him out?Well, I never seen one guy take so much trouble for another guy. I just like to know what your interest isThis reflects upon the time it was set with most people travelling alone, trusting no oneAnother lonely character on the ranch is Curleys wife. Despite the fact she has recently become married to Curley she is isolated on the ranch. Throughout the whole book she isnt allocated a name, making her out to be on of Curleys possessions like Curleys shoe or Curleys leg. She walks around the ranch heavily made up, with rouge lips and her hair in curls, dressed to impress, apparently looking for Curley but she is just trying to get attention from the Ranch hands. As the only women on the ranch you would expect the men to be all over her but it is the exact opposite, in fact most of them dislike her, they call her jail bait, tart and several other offensive names because they think they se her giving them the eye. When Curleys wife speaks to Lenny in the barn she tells him all about how lonely she is, she saysWhy cant I talk to you? I never get to talk to nobody. I get awful lonely.Lenny said, Well, I aint supposed to talk to you or nothinI get lonely, she said. You can talk to people, but I cant talk to nobody but Curley. Else he gets mad. Howd you like not to talk to anybodyShe has probably grown up quite lonely and only married Curley to get away from home. She tries to get attention by dressing up but when she realises she wont get it she tries talking to Lenny because she knows he wont tell her to go away because she can out talk him. He is very simple and doesnt like confrontation. Both Curleys wife and Crooks use Lenny to talk to about their loneliness. It is quite ironic how Curleys wife spent all her time on the ranch look for attention but when she finally got it from asking Lenny to touch her hair she didnt want it and its what led to her unfortunate death. As Curleys wife was the only woman on the ranch she delineated the way women were treated during the period in the same way Crooks was the only coloured man on the ranch.He represented the way an entire race was treated and felt during and before the depression. Crooks is the crippled stable buck, the book describes him as a proud aloof man, and his loneliness came out as anger. In chapter four he speaks to Lenny about how he feels. He is defensive at first but before long opens up and eventually becomes quite friendly. Hes very specific about his rights and shows this when Lenny says I seen your light. Crooks very sharply replies with Well I gotta right to have a light. The conversation between Lenny and Crooks spans over several pages but leads up to Crooks saying thisA guy goes nuts if he aint got nobody. Dont make no difference who the guy is, longs hes with you. I tell ya, he cried. I tell ya a guy gets too lonely, an he gets sickHes happy talking to Lenny because Lenny is simple. He wont offend him or tell other people what hes been speaking about and Crooks is happy to have spoken to someone but when George gets back form town and finds Lenny in the room with Crooks, Crooks soon backs off and becomes defensive again.The other characters on the ranch, Carlson, Curley and Slim are probably lonely just as the rest but the book doesnt go into too much occurrence about them but there is one part where a man named Whit finds a magazine article written by someone who used to work on the ranch. He seems very proud of this and shows it off to Slim. It would appear Whit had started to become friends with this person before they left which would have been a real rarity for people on the ranchThere is a big part for loneliness in The Withered Arm too Thomas Hardy chooses to constantly switch your attention, by not concentrating on one characters lonely portrayal, but on three, this is of the main characters of Rhoda, Gertrude and the boy. The first three chapters are mainly think on Rhoda and you instantly recognise how emotionally isolated she is, when the others chat to each other she doesnt join in, you see how she is different and lonely from the rest, although it doesnt jockstrap when they speak of Farmer Lodge.Since her affair with him she is outcast and although the other women recognise this, they dont welcome her. The end of the story concludes Rhodas loneliness when still no one communicates with her even after the recent death of the son. Rhoda brooks only companion was her son. Much like Curleys wife in of mice and men her son doesnt have a name, he is known simply as the boy. The boy is also very isolated through no fault of his own. He is like a slave to his mother running errands for her and acting like her spy this is shown very early on when she saysTheyve just been saying down in Barton that your father brings his young wife hom e to-morrow, the woman observed. I shall want to send you for a few things to market, and youll be pretty sure to meet em.Yes mother, said the boy. Is father married then?Yes. You can give her a look and tell me what shes like, if you do see her.Yes, mother.If shes dark or fair, and if shes tall as tall as IThe boy responds to Rhoda Brooks every command with yes mother, as if hed been trained that way. It reminds me slightly of the film psychotic person the way he lives with his mother and agrees with her every command. It is no fault of the boy that he is isolated but it is a classic example of the times and even today in a sense, that the townspeople didnt want their children associating with him because if his background. It is quite ironic that the boy, who spent so much of his life alone, happened to be hung aloneThe other lonely character in The Withered Arm is Gertrude Lodge. After receiving the unfortunate curse of the withered arm her husband paid her no attention and she became sooner isolated. After making the trip with Rhoda Brook to see conjurer Trendle she also, due to what she saw there, stopped speaking with Rhoda. She spent her time waiting for conformation of a hanging so she could get her blood glowering and go back to how things used to be. This is when she saysO, Lord, hang some guilty or innocent person soonIt is quite ironic that she should say this due to the fact she wanted someone to be hung so she could continue life the way she wanted it but it turned out to lead to her deathThomas Hardy used loneliness to reflect upon the times the book is set in by basing Gertrudes loneliness around superstition and witchcraft and Rhoda Brook and the boys loneliness around Rhodas affair with Farmer Lodge which at the time would have led to rejection from society.Hopefully in this essay I have explained how both stories reflect the times they were set in by pointing out the importance of dreams, loneliness, social class, relationships and role of women. I believe both authors used characters to get their point across about life and mentality at the time and made it clear without actually saying it how much things have changedTo conclude I would like to say how both stories are captivating and entertaining but also if you look at them closely enough they can be used as historical references into the way people lived and worked in the times they were set.

Piotr Ilytich Tchaikovsky’s “1812” Essay

Composed by internation bothy-known classical musician, Piotr Ilytch Tchaikovsky, the classical music piece 1812 Overture in E categorical Major, Op. 49, reflects the French invasion in Russia which was never victorious. With its full title, The Year 1812, Op. 49 French Ouverture Solonelle), the classical music also implies the withdrawal of Napoleon in 1812 during the Napoleonic Wars. The melodic elements in the composition display more or less underlying themes which made it more interesting tone, rhythm, harmony, and form. The tone uniquely displayed the varying pitch all through out the musical piece. This is manifested by the high pitch and low pitch that could be observed in the piece. The combination of the different pitches made the musical piece interesting to listen to. Meanwhile, another interesting about the musical elements present in the composition is its rhythm. Tchaikovsky used unique sound representations in the composition, some of which are the horns and the f iring of the cannons. Another musical element is harmony. Despite the different pitches and rhythm present in the piece, the harmony of the musical notes and instruments that are used out to be in agreement with each other no out-of-place tunes could be observed, I think. Lastly, the form of the musical piece is also worth noting. The form which tells about the over-all structure of the musical composition is also outstanding. The combination of the musical notes, tempo, tone, and the other elements came out smoothly. In addition, the 1812 Overture became known for its real cannon fire effectuate when it is performed live in outdoor events. Meanwhile, if the performance has to be done indoor, the orchestras use sounds representing the cannon fire through computer-generated sounds.Tchaikovsky entered the St. Petersburg Conservatory where he realized his true traffic in the field of music. After some years, he later moved to another conservatory where he met a group of Russian com posers. Those Russians were known to be nationalist which somewhat inspired Tchaikovsky in his second symphony entitled, The Little Russian. Being known as not sufficiently Russian and cosmopolitan, he was later rejected by this group.In 1880, Nicholas Rubenstein, Peter Illych Tchaikovskys mentor, suggested to Peter that a striking celebratory piece should be composed for festivities. The piece was to be presented in the square near the cathedral, with the accompaniment of a magnificent orchestra, cathedral bells and live cannon fire to attain the exactness stipulated by the musical score in which every shot was written exclusively (Lampson, 1999).ReferenceLampson, D. (1999). Piotr Ilyitch Tchaikovsky. Retrieved April 12, 2007, from http//www.classical.net/music/comp.lst/works/tchaikov/1812.html

Titanic History

As the Titanic sped across the North Atlantic on Sunday 14th April, 1912, it picked up a serial of messages from other ships in the area warning about ice. Captain smith was firm in hid belief that his ship was in no risk of exposure, and was urged on by Bruce Ismay the ships owner, to prove the vessels speed and reliability by setting to New York earlier than expected. Full speed ahead, remained the instruction, and although the captain steered the ship 25.7 km (16 miles) to the south before spell towards New York, no other notice was taken of the increasingly detailed reports about ice ahead.Where did these reports of icebergs ahead come from? From other ships by the use of wireless radio. The use of wireless on board a ship was still a novelty at the time of the Titanics maiden voyage. Two radio operators were utilise by Marconi rather then White Star Liner. Their names were Jack Phillips and Harold Bride. Radio operators spent their time dealing with personal messages and d id not need to be on 24 hour duty.As the Titanic steamed westwards towards the ice it received nine messages by telegraph and signal lamp warning of danger ahead. Although not all(prenominal) of these messages reached the bridge the message from the German steamer Amerika sent about 4 hours before the Titanic hit the ice berg, was passed to Captain Smith in person.The night of 14th April was clear and bitterly cold. As a routine precaution, the lookout men up in the crows-nest were warned to watch out for icebergs. Because it was such(prenominal) a clear night everyone thought there would be plenty of time to avoid any obstacle in the sea. But large ships at full speed do not turn quickly or easily, and when lookout Fredrick Fleet spotted an iceberg, at about 1140 pm, it was too late to avoid a collision. As the ship approached Fredrick realised that the iceberg was considerably bigger than what he first saw.The titanic struck the iceberg at a glancing blow on the starboard sid e (right) of its hull and ill-treatd appeared only slight. The iceberg was supposedly 30 meters over the deck but did petite damage to the upper decks. However, below the waterline, and out of sight of the crew on the bridge, the iceberg punched a series of gashes and holes along 76 meters of the hull.The ship had 42 inviolable bulkheads, but only 12 at the very bottom of the ship, could be closed electrically from the bridge. The rest had to be closed by hand. Some were unexpended open, and others reopened to make it easier for the water pumps.Should a collision occur, the theory was that the ship would still float with two compartment flooded, or even with all four of the smaller obeisance compartments flooded. However, the bulkheads only reached three meters above the waterline allowing water to slop over from one compartment to another, thereby defeating the purpose of the bulkheads.At 1205 am, 25 beautifuls after the collision, Captain Smith realised the extent of the dam age to the Titanic and gave the order to abandon ship. For the next two hours total confusion reigned. There had been no life gravy boat pattern since leaving Southampton, and neither passengers nor crew knew where to go or what to do in the circumstances. Many felt it was safer to remain on deck than to be lowered into the halt Atlantic aboard a lifeboat. Tragically, not one officer realized the lifeboats could be lowered fully laden. Had they done so a total of 1,178 citizenry could have been saved rather than 706.As the lifeboats slid down the side of the Titanic, a flurry of activity took place on deck. The radio operators sent out distress signals. Officers on the bridge flashed messages by Morse signal lamps and dismissed rockets high into the sky to attract the attention of any passing ships. Yet despite all these actions, it was hard for many people to believe that this vast liner was capable of sinking.In order to attract any nearby ships, Fourth Officer Boxhall fired t he fired of about eight powerful rocket signals at 1245 am. Each signal sent up at five minute intervals was launched from the bridge and soared 240 meters into the air before exploding into a shower of light.As the Titanic slipped lower and lower into the water those left on board when the last of the lifeboats had asleep(p) were either gripped by a sense of panic or resign to their fate.As the ship plunged deeper into the sea, the stern rose up into the air, causing a tidal wave of passengers to fall of deck, some into the wreckage, others into the icy sea.The Titanic met its horrific ending.It was Captain Smiths faultIt was the shipbuilders faultIt was Bruce Ismays faultIt was Thomas Andrews faultWhy did the Titanic swallow hole?We have struck iceberg sinking fast come to our assistance.The ship was doomed and it was slowly sliding into its watery grave. But why did the largest, most mature ship of the century sink?Recommendations on how a disaster could be avoided in the fu ture.* That the provision of lifeboat and raft accommodation on board such ships should be based on the number of persons intended to be carried in the ship and not upon tonnage.* That all boats should be fitted with a protective, continuous fender, to lessen the risk of damage when being lowered in a seaway.* That in cases where the deck hands are not sufficient to man the boats enough other members of the crew should be men trained in boat work to make up the deficiency. These men should be required to pass a test in boat work.* That the men who are to man the boats should have more frequent drills. That in all ships a boat drill, a fire drill and a steadfast door drill should be held as soon as possible after leaving the original port of departure and at convenient intervals of not less than once a week during the voyage. Such drills to be recorded in the official log.* That every man taking a look-out in such ships should undergo a site test at reasonable intervals.* That all s uch ships there should be an installation of wireless telegraphy, and that such installation should be worked with a sufficient number of trained operators to secure a continuous service by night and day

Pre-Linguistic Development

As linguistic increment designates the stage when baby birdren are able to manipulate verbal symbols, it should be bare that pre-linguistic development refers to the stage before the sm both fry is able to manipulate such symbols. Consequently, this stage is some beats called the pre-symbolic stage. com/english-iii/Pre-linguistic development, therefore, concerns itself-importance with precursors to the development of symbolic skills and typically covers the period from birth to nigh 13 months of age. Four stages can be identified * Vegetative sounds (0-2 months) the natural sounds that babies make, e. . crying, coughing, burping, and swallowing. * Cooing and laughter (2-5 months) these vocalizations usually occur when the baby is comfortable and content.They are typically make up of vowels and consonants. * Vocal play (4-8 months) the infant engages in longer and much continuous streams of either vowel or consonant sounds. * Babbling (6-13 months) at least two sub-stages are id entified reduplicated babbling, in which the chela produces a series of Consonant-Vowel (CV) syllables with the very(prenominal) consonant being repeated (e. . wa-wa-wa, mu-mu-mu) and non-reduplicated babbling, consisting of either CVC vocalizations (e. g. mom, pip) or VCV vocalizations (e. g. ama, ooboo). See Speech Development Up to this stage of development much of what the pip-squeak produces is really no more than a sort of verbal play. The child is practicing individual sounds, and sound sequences, and gaining the motor skills infallible to produce what will eventually be considered as actual adult language. So, young children make various sounds and others then assign meaning to these.So, for example, a child may reach for an object whilst at the same time saying m. An adult may interpret this as the child wanting succor to get the object. The child, having realized that this combination of physical motility (reaching) and articulating m prompts an adult to pass the d esired object, may go on to repeat this behavior. The child is eruditeness that certain actions that he or she performs can be used to control his or her environment. These changes come about because the childs ability to focus their guardianship on their caregiver and on objects becomes more refined as they mature.For example, from 0-2 months there is shared attentiveness in which only the baby and caregiver form surgical incision of any interactive event all other elements are ignored. From 2-6 months there is interpersonal engagement when the baby is conceptually able to differentiate their own self from the caregiver and focus attention on each other and on the message of the communicative event. Then, from about 6-15 months there is a shift such that the child is now able to focus attention on objects (e. g. cups, toys, books) and understand that the communicative event is focused on these.This is sometimes called joint object involvement. It is, however, the emergence of w ords from about 12 months onwards that signals the onset of linguistic development. This is the stage when there is symbolic communication emerges. Linguistic Development Linguistic development occurs at what is called the one(a) record book Stage. It is at this stage that we can properly talk about a childs communicative language, i. e. the words used to express emotions, feelings, wants, needs, ideas, and so on. This should not be confused with the childs understanding or exposed language. The two are, of course, closely related.However, a child will typically understand much more than he or she can actually express and a childs expressive language, therefore, lags behind its comprehension by a few months. primaeval One Word Stage (12-19 months) Before the emergence of the first adult words the child will use specific sound combinations in concomitant situations. The sound combinations are not conventional adult words but they appear to be being used consistently to express m eaning. For example, if the child says mu each time he or she is offered a bottle of milk then this may be considered to be a real word.Similarly, if the child says bibi each time he or she is given a biscuit then, even though the sound combination does not represent an exact adult word, it would still be considered an early word. These early words are called protowords. The child will besides be using gesture together with these specific vocalizations in order to make needs, express emotions, and so on. The important point is that the child is consistent in his or her use of a particular word. Later One Word Stage (14-24 months) The words used by the child are now more readily identifiable as actual adult words.A variety of item-by-item words are used to express his or her feelings, needs, wants, and so on. This is the stage at which, amongst other things, the child begins to name and label the objects and people around them. Examples let in common nouns such as cup dog hat pro per nouns such as Dad Sarah Rover and verbs such as kiss go sit The child may also use a few social words such as no bye-bye please The child will not yet have developed all the adult speech sounds and so the words used are unlikely to sound on the button as an adult would say them.However, they are beginning to approximate more closely to an adult model and they are beginning to be used consistently. At the end of the One Word Stage the child should have a much larger vocabulary, should be able to sustain a simple conversation, be using several adult speech sounds appropriately, and be conveying meaning through the use of single words in combination with facial expression, gesture and actions. These single words will express a variety of meaning. The next stage in the childs development of expressive language is that he or she begins to combine two words together into simplephrases.Two Word Stage (20-30 months) It is at this stage that the child begins to produce two-word combinat ions similar to the following. daddy car fit out on where Katie Note that a variety of different word classes may be combined * For example, daddy car involves the combination of two words from the same word class of nouns one noun (daddy) with another noun (car). * However, shoe on consists of two words from two different word classes, nouns and prepositions one noun (shoe) plus a preposition (on). * Also, where Katie uses a so-called interrogative pronoun (where) together with a proper noun (Katie).In fact, a high percentage of these two-word combinations incorporate nouns. This is not surprising, as the child has spent a raft of time learning the names of objects and people. These are the important things in his or her environment and the things that are most likely to be manipulated, talked about, and so on. They are ofttimes the concrete, permanent things to which the child can most readily relate. In addition, at this Two Word Stage there is also prolific use of verbs (e. g. go, run, drink, eat). trine Word Stage (28-42 months)As its name implies, at this next stage of development children extend their two-word utterances by incorporating at least another word. In reality children may add up to two more words, thereby creating utterances as long as four words. The child makes greater use of pronouns (e. g. I, you, he, she, they, me) at this stage, e. g. me kiss ma you make toy he hit ball It is at this stage that the child also begins to use the articles the, a and an. At first their use is at odds(predicate) but as the child approaches 42 months of age they become more consolidated in their utterances, e. g. me kick a ball you give the dolly he throw an orangeIn addition, it is common for the prepositions in and on to be incorporated between two nouns or pronouns, e. g. mummy on underside you in it Sarah in clean Four Word Stage (34-48 months) From about 34 months the child begins to combine between four to six-spot words in any one utterance. there is greater use of contrast between prepositions such as in, on and under and adjectives such as big and little, e. g. mummy on little bed daddy under big car daddy playing with the little ball Complex Utterance Stage (48-60 months) This stage is typified by longer utterances, with the child regularly producing utterances of over six words in length.It is at this stage that the concept of past and future time develops and this is expressed linguistically in a childs utterances, e. g. we all went to see Ryan yesterday past time Daddy is going to get a shoe future time Robert stopped and kicked a good goal past time nearly of the more conceptually difficult prepositions such as behind, in front and next to also become established at this stage. The child will also be using the contracted negative, e. g. cant rather than can not, didnt rather than did not, wont rather than will not, and so on.Example utterances include the following. Helen cant go to granddads house Connor didnt stop crying he wont eat up all his dinner for mummy There is a lot of controversy about just when the Complex Utterance Stage is completed. Some researchers claim that at five-spot years of age a child has developed all of the major adult linguistic features and that the only real progression beyond this stage is the merely acquisition of vocabulary items. Other researchers, however, argue that children up to the age of 12 years are still developing adult sentence structure.As indicated, our overview of language development has focused on how the child develops longer and longer utterances, i. e. it has concentrated on expressive language. It should be noted, however, that there is a parallel development of comprehension, or receptive language. So, for example, at the Early One Word Stage the child is capable of understanding a few single words spoken by others as well as speaking a few words. Similarly, at the Three Word Stage the child can also comprehend the four to six word utterances spoken by others as well as producing such utterances themselves.In summary, the child will need to be able to comprehend utterances at least at the same level as those that he or she is able to construct and use expressively. In reality, we find that a childs level of understanding actually precedes their level of expression. That is to say, a typically developing child will always understand more than they can express. The extent to which the development of receptive language precedes expressive language is highly variable and it is not possible to define any precise norms. The following table summarizes the stages of early development of expressive language.